destitute of truth ; the great object of Bossuet being, it would appear, to charge his antagonist with holding the heretical opinions of the Socinians (Bossuet, //isf.rfes Va- riations, iv, 64 ; V, 236-238). With all these defects, Ju- rieu stands deservedly high as a controversialist. His learning was most profomid; he is generally exact in the citation of his authorities, and he had a special talent in discovering the weak point in the cause of his antago- nists. In respect of style and eloquence he is immeas- urably behind Bossuet, but he is at least his equal in polemical talent, and by some is considered his superior in erudition. All of his writings are held in esteem by theologians of every shade as a storehouse of great re- search. Jurieu's private life was becoming that of a Christian minister; he was charitable to the poor al- most beyond his means, and employed his influence abroad in alleviating the sufferings of his exiled breth- ren. He died Jan. 11, 1713. His principal works are, Histoire du Calvinisme et du Papisme mise en parallele, etc. (Rotterdam, 1682, 2 vols. 12mo ; 2d edit., ibid. 1683, 12mo) -.—Lettres Pastorales (Rotterdam, 1686-7, 3 vols. 12mo) -.—Le Vrai Systeme de VErjlise (Dord. 1686, 8vo) : —i: Esprit de M. A mauld (Deventer [Rotterdam], 1684, 2 vols. 12mo): — Prejuges leyitimes contre le Papisme (Amst. 1685, 8vo) : — Apolor/ie pour I'A ccomplissement des Propheties (1687, which has been translated into En- glish, Lond. 1687, 2 parts, 8vo) : — La Religion des Lafitu- dinaires (Rotterd. 1696, 8vo) ; Histoire des Dogmes et des Cultes (Amst. 1704, 12mo ; also translated into English, Lond. 1705, 2 vols.) : — La politique du clerge de France (Amst. 1681, l2vao).— English Cyclop. ; Herzog, Real- Encyklop. vii, 126 ; Hoefcr, Nouv. Biog. Generale, xxvii, 267 sq. (J.H.W.)
Jurisdiction is an ecclesiastical term denoting the power and authority vested in a bishop, by virtue of the apostolical commission, of governing and administering the laws of the Church within the bounds of his dio- cese. The same term is also used to express the bounds within which a bishop exercises his power, i. e. his dio- cese. To define this power of the ecclesiastic properly from that of civil jurisdiction has led to no little discus- sion. Of old the earl and bishop sat in the same court. Afterwards the bishop held his courts by himself, though temporal lords sat in synod with bishops — " the one to search the laws of the land, and the other the laws of God." The question of jurisdiction, after the period of the Conqueror, was often agitated between the pope and sovereigns. The things, the latter argued, and reason- ably, that are Cfcsar's belong to Cresar, and it is treason to take them from him ; the things that are God's be- long to God, and it is impiety to take them from him. The Church is a free society, and should have per- fect power of self-government within its own domain, and a purely spiritual sentence shoiUd be beyond re- view by a civil court. See Investituke; Kev.s, Poav-
ER OK.
Jus Asyli, the right of protection. From the 4th century, the privilege of asylum, or the right of pro- tectuig criminals, was possessed by Christian churches and altars. This privilege had belonged to sacred places among Hebrews, Greeks, and Romans, and from them it may have been adopted bj' Christians. It seems to ha\-e been first introduced into the Christian Church in the time of Constantine; but the right was subsequently much circumscribed by various restrictions, as it was found to be a serious hinderance to the administration of justice. Since the 16th century the privilege has been almost entirely abolished.— Farrar, Eccles. Diet. s. V. See AsYLUjr.
Jus Devolutum (devolved right). When, in the Established Church of Scotland, a patron does not pre- sent to a parish within six months after the commence-* ment of the vacancy, the right of presentation falls to the presbytery, tanquam jure devoluto. Still further to guard against abuse, it has been enacted (act 1719, c. 29) "that if any patron shall present any person to a va- cant church who shall not be qualified, by taking and
JUSHAB-HHESED
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JUSTICE
subscribing the said oath in manner aforesaid, or shall present a person to any vacancy who is then or shall be pastor or minister of any other church or parish, or any person who shall not accept or declare his willingness to accept of the presentation and charge to which he is presented within the said time, such presentation shall not be accounted any interruption of the course of time allowed to.the patron for presenting ; but the jus devo- lutnni shall take place as if no such presentation had been offered, any law or custom to the contrary not- withstanding."— Eadie, Ecclesiastical Dictionary, s. v. See Patronage.
Jus Exiiviarum. See Spoliation.
Jus Gislii or Metatus. See Immunity.
Ju'shab-he'sed (Hebrew Yushab'-Che'sed, SD^"' ion, returner of kindness ; Sept. 'AiTofiasaS v. r. 'Ano- I3i2r; Ynlg. Josabhesed), the last named of the sons of Pedaiah, of the royal line of .Judah (1 Chron. iii, 20 ; see Strong's Harm, ami Expos, of the Gospels, jj. 17, where it is shown that this is not a son of Zerubbabel, as appears in the text, which innuediately adds that these sons were in aMjice, either meaning merely those enumerated in the same verse, or requiring one of these [prob. the one in question, since it lacks the distinctive comiecting particle 1, "and"] to be regarded as another name for the preceding, inasmuch as at least six sons would oth- erwise be enumerated. Seever. 19). B.C. cir. 536.