2. The appearance of the gods upon earth was very commonly believed among the ancients. Accordingly we find that Jupiter and I^Iercury are said to have wan- dered in Phrygia, and to have been entertained by Bau- cis and Philemon (Ovid, Mel. viii, 611 sq.). Heiice the people of Lycaonia, as recorded in Acts (xiv, 11), cried out, " The gods have come down to us in the likeness of men ; and they called Barnabas Jupiter, and Paul Mer- curius, because he was the chief speaker." Barnabas was probably identified with Jupiter not only because Jupiter and Merciirj^ were companions (Ovid. Fast, v, 495), but because his personal appearance was majestic (Chrysostom, Horn, xxx ; Alford, on Acts xiv, 12 ; comp. 2 Cor. X, 1, 10). Paul was identified with Mercury as the speaker, for this god was the god of eloquence (Horace, lib. i, od. x, 5, etc.). The temple of Jupiter at Lystra appears to have been outside the gates (tov ^lig TOV ^VTvg TTpo Tijg TToAfwc, Acts xiv, 13), as was fre- quently the custom (Strabo, xiv, 4 ; Herod, i, 26), and the priest being summoned, oxen and garlands were brought, in order to do sacrifice with the people to Paul and Barnabas, who, filled with horror, restrained tlie people with great difficulty. It is well known that oxen were wont to be sacrificed to Jupiter (Homer, //. ii, 402 ; Virgil, .£■«. iii, 21; ix, 627; Xenoph. C>/rop. vii, 3, 11, etc.). According to the interpretation of others, how- ever, the sacrifice was about to be offered before the doors of the house where the apostles were (tTri roi'c tti - Xiuvciq). Alford (Comment, ad loc.) denies that tliere is anj' ellipsis of tov vaov in the phrase Itpevg tov Atog : his references, however, do not sustain his position ; for Zivg TrpoTTvXiovog would not necessarily be irpu Ttjg ttc- Xiioc, but merely the tidelar\' deity of a private mansion.
Head of Jupiter Olj^mpius.
3. The word Eu^ia (fair or fine weather) is derived from tu and Sia. Jupiter, as lord of heaven, had power
JURE DIVIXO
1100
JUS DEVOLUTUM
over all the changes of the weather. The Latins even used his name to signify the air— sub Dio (Horace, lib. ii, od. iii, 23), sub Jovefrigido (Horace, lib. i, od. i, 25, etc. ; comp. " the image which fell down from Jupiter," A. Vers. ; Kai rov cioirerovg, Acts xix, 35). The word tvSia occurs in Matt. x\-i, 2, and in Ecclus. iii. 15. (For a full account of Jupiter and Zeus, see Smith's Bid. of Biography, s. v. ; and for a list of the epithets applied to this god, see Kawlinson, llerod. vol. i, Appendix, p. 680.)
Jure Divino, an expression meaning "hy divine rif/lit," used in connection with the question of the source of the miuisterial autliority. They who claim the "jus diviuum" for that authority contend that the episcopal discipline and orders, having issued immediately from the authority of God, are the exclusive channel through which holy ordinances can be lawfullj^ or efficaciously exercised. Others, again (who consequently relinquish the jure-divino claim), while they maintain that the episcopal regimen is agreeable to the will of Christ and the practice of his apostles, do not find a warrant for holding the above exclusive views, nor for asserting the utter invaliility, while they still admit the irregularity of any other ministrations. In their opinion, the claims of a Christian ministry rest not on any unbroken suc- cession, but on the basis of the divinely sanctioned insti- tution of a Christian Church. The authority, there- fore, with which a Christian minister is invested they consider to be derived from Christ only by virtue of the sanction given by him to Christian communities; and they hold that it comes direct from the Church in whose name and behalf he acts as its representative, and just to that extent to which it has empowered and directed him to act. They consider that the system whicft makes tlie sacramental virtue of holy orders inherent indefea- sibly in each individual minister detracts from the claims of the Church, makes the Church a sort of ap- pendage to the priesthood, and, in fact, confounds the Church with the clergy, as if the spiritual commimity consisted only of its officers.— Eden, Eccles. Dictionary, s. v. See Succession-.
Jurieu, Pieuui£, an eminent French Protestant the- ologian, was born at JMer, in the diocese of Blois, in 1637. He was the son of a Protestant minister, and nephew of the celebrated Pvivet and Du Moulin. He possessed un- common talents, and when barely nineteen received the master's degree, and after travelling in Holland and England, returned to his country to succeed his father in his pastoral office. His reputation for learnuig in 1G74: obtained for him the situation of professor of theology and the Hebrew language in the Huguenot seminarj' at Sedan. ^ When in 1G«1 the Protestants were deprived by Louis XIV of the permission to give public instruction in that town, he retired to Koucn, and from thence went to Rotterdam, where he was ajjpointed professor of the- ology-. Li that city tlie ardor of his zeal soon drew him into controversy witJi Bayle, Basnage, and Saurin, in the heat of which he manifested the same rancor which unfortunately disgraces most of his polemical writings. He allowed liiniself likewise to fall into various errors by too much indulging a naturally livelv imagination in the niterpretatiou of prophecy. In hi^ Commentary on the Apocalypse he even predicted the establishment of Protestantism in France during the vear 1C8C.. Those who differed from him in opinion, however high their character for learning and pietv, he treated with a most unbecommg severity. Grotius and Hammond, perhaps the two greatest theologians of their age, because thev diflered from him on the subject of the Antichrist pre- dicted m the book of Revelation, he stvles " the dis- grace oi the Reformed Chiu-ch, and even of Christian- ity. The same spirit is manifested in his weU-known controversy with the great Bossuet, whom he does not scruple to accuse of falsehood and dishonesty, though, on the other hand, it must be allowed that the recrimi- nations of this celel)rated defender of the Cliurch of l^ome, If more iwUtely expressed, are equallv severe and