PUBLIC-DOMAIN CHRISTIAN BOOK
McClintock & Strong Cyclopaedia — Volume 4
John McClintock & James Strong · 1,547,842 words · 1510 reading sections
Section 1
'^ ^ *w^ mm mm:- ■rMm 't^f-"^ A i?j -•.:•■•■>, iM:^ P ■«*iV ■mm :s:^- /. /^ •'K)<;;;3^^ JAM CYCLOPEDIA BIBLICAL, THEOLOGICAL, AND ECCLESIASTICAL LITERATURE. PREPAEED BY THE REV. JOHN M'CLINTOCK, D.D., ANI> JAMES STRONG, S.T.D. YoL. IV.— H, I, J. f>RIVATE LIBRARY I^ICHAF.D C HALVERSON NEW YORK: HAR…
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This work is in no sense denominational, either in its scope or in its execution. "While the editors and their collaborators have not sought to conceal their personal opinions in any respect, they have never obti'uded them in their articles, nor allowed their own ecclesiastical relations or dogmatic views to interfere …
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LIST OF WOOD.CUTS IN VOL. IV, Ancient Egypt. Linen Corslet, Page Egyptian Manner of wearing tlie llair Ancient Egypt. Female Head-dress Assyrian Manner of wearing the Hair Grecian Manner of wearing the Hair Ancient Egyptian Ladies with Fil- lets ^ Map of the Vicinity of Hamath Ancient Egyptian Carpenters Tools…
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Ha-ammonai. See Chephar-iiaammonai. Haan, Carolus de, was born at Arnheim Aug. 16, 1530. Becoming acquainted with the Reformation, he resolved to leave the Roman Catholic Church and his legal studies, and repaired to Geneva, where he studied theology under Calvin and Beza. In loGO he became a minister 'of the Reformed…
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Book ok Habakklk.— A full and trustworthy ac- count of the life of this prophet would explain his im- agery, and many of the events to which he alludes; but since we have no information on which we can depend, uotliing remains but to determine from the book itself its historical basis and its age. 1. Tiie Kabbinical t…
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On the other hand, while it is evident, from the con- stant use of the future tense in speaking of the Chal- dican desolations (i, 5, G, 12), that the prophet must have written before the invasion of Nebuchachiezzar, which rendered Jchoiakim tributary to the king of Bab- ylon (2 Kings xxiv, I), B.C. GOG, yet it is equa…
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HABAZANIAH {Einleihmj, p. 339) ; and "j'^^i^'^p, ii. IG, is the only un. exceptionable instance. 4. 'J'he ancient catalogues of canonical books of the Old Testament do not, indeed, mention Habakkuk by name; but they must have counted him in the twelve I minor prophets, whose numbers would otherwise not ho full. In th…
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Habesh. See Abyssixlvn Chukch. Habit. See Dress. Habit, '-a power and ability of doing anything, ac- qiured by frequent repetition of the same action. ' !Man,' says Dr. Paley, ' is a buncUe of habits. There are hab- its of industry, attention, vigilance, advertency; of a prompt obedience to the judgment occurring, or …
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1. A river called Khahur rises in the central high- lands of Kurdistan, flows in a south-westerly direction, and falls into the Tigris about seventy miles above Mo- sul (Layard, Nitieveh and Bahijlon, p. 56 ; Schultens, In- dex Geoffr. in vitam Saladini, s. v.). INIany suppose this to be the Habor of Scripture for the …
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Hach'moni (Heb. Chakmoni', '^'i^zT}, wise ; Sept. 'Axanavi v. r. 'Axa/(',Vulg. Ilachamoni), a man only known as the father (or ancestor; comp. 1 Chron. xxvii, 2) of Jashobeam, the chief of David's warriors (1 Chron. xi, 11, where son of Hachmoni is rendered " Hachjio- NiTK," for which the parallel passage, 2 Sam. xxiii…
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Hackspan, Tiieodor, an eminent Lutheran theo- logian and Orientalist, was bom in 1607 at Weimar, and HAD AD died at Altorf .Ian, 19, 1659. He was educated at .Jena, where he studied philosophy, and then went to Altorf, to profit by the instructions of tlie able Orientalist Schwenter. and thence to Helmstadt, where he…
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5. Adad, a king of Syria, who reigned in Damascus at t je time that David attacked and defeated Hadad- ezcr, king of Zobah, whom he marched to assist, and in whose defeat he shared. B.C. cir. 1049. This fact is re- corded in 2 Sam. viii, 5, but the name of the king is not given. It is supplied, however, by Josephus (.1…
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IIADAD-KBIMON i ITadailezer, that aU the small tributan- princes seized tlie opportunity of throwiiiR off his yoke, of abantloning the Ammonites to their fate, and of submittnif? (luietly to David, whose power was thus extended to the Eu- phrates (2 Sam. X, 15-19; '2 Cliron. xix, 1 J-19). But one of Hadarezer's more …
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Hadas'sali (Heb. Iladassah', <T3'^'^, myi-tle ; comp. the Gr. names Afyrto, etc.; Sept. omits, Vulg. I^dissa), the earlier Jewish name of Esther (Esth. ii, 7). Ge- senius {Thesaur. p. 3G.6) suggests that it is identical with "Aroffffa, the name of the daughter of Cvrus (He- rod, iii. 103, 134). Hadat'tah (Heb. Chadatt…
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Divine retribution is represented as pursuing the wicked after they have left this world — pursiung them even into the lowest realms of sheol (Deut. xxxii, '22 ; Amoa ix, 2) ; and the bitterest shame and humiliation are de- scribed as awaiting there the most prosperous of thia world's inhabitants, if they have abused t…
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2. Such was the general state of belief and expecta- tion regarding hmks or slienl in Old-Testament times. With the introduction of the (iospel a new light breaks in, which shoots its rays also through the realms of the departed, and relieves the gloom in which they had still appeared shrouded to the view of the faithf…
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HADES 11 ideas, were employed to designate the intermediate rest- ing-place of tlie redeemed. It was meet that it sliould be so ; for by the i^ersonal work and mediation of Christ the whole Church of God rose to a liigher condition; old things passed away, all things became new; and it is but reasonable to suppose th…
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Hadj (Tladf/i, Ilaj, Arab.), pilgrimage, especially to IMecca. The name hadj is also given to the body of pilgrims to jMecca; and the word is defined to mean "aspiration." Every JMohammedan, male or female, is bound, once at least in his lifetime, to make the hadj to Mecca, Some JMohammedan authorities, however, hold t…
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KritH-en. 1852, ii, 258). Henderson {Comment, ad loc.) supposes it to be only a corruption of TlH, the com- mon names of the kings of Syria. See Hadar. Jarchi and Kimchi say, " Rabbi Juda interpreted it as an al- legorical expression relating to the Messiah, AVho is harsh (^n) to the heathen, and gentle (~"i) to Israel…
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The peace of his reign was broken by one serious M'ar. Among the Jews a spirit of discontent had been kept alive ever since the capture of Jerusalem by Titus. ■\Vishing to eradicate this spirit by the destruction of the Jewish nationality, Hadrian issued an edict forbid- ding the practice of circumcision, and determine…
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Haemstede, Adkiaax van, one of the first preach- IIAENDEL 14 HAFP^NER CTS of the Keformoil faitli in the Netherlands, was prob- j aljly \x>n\ about tlie year 1525 in Schomven. 'i'he ijar- | cuts of Adriaan seem to have been among the earliest i in Zealand to embrace the Reformed faith. He under- stood several moder…
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Haevernick. See IIavkrxick. Hafenreffer, IMattiiias (also Haff'vnreffer),a. Lu- theran tl.eologian, was born Jimc 24, lotil, at Lorcli, in Wiirtembcrg, and died Oct. 22, 1G19. at Tiibingen. He studied ]ibilosophy and theology at the last-named place, and in 1590 was made court -preacher and comisellor of the Consistor…
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Ha'gar (Heb. flagar', ^'^1^. flight, apparently from lier abandonment of her mistress ; but accortling to oth- ers, a stranger, from her foreign birth [conip. llArjAu- knk]; Se]it. and N. T. "Ayo()), a native of Egypt, and servant of Abraham (Gen. xxi, 9, 10), perhaps one of the female slaves presented to Abraham by P…
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Kagarene or Hag'arite [commonly Ha'f/arite'] (Heb. Ilii;pi', ^'J'iT^./iir/itlrf [compare ffar/ai; from the same root a« the Arab. fl,f/!riih, i. Q.fir/lif] ; but, accord- ing to Filrst. s. v.. a patrial from some ancestor Ilagar, other\visc unknown; 1 Chron. xi, 38, Sept. 'Arapat, Vulg. .\ff(irai, A. V. " Haggcri ;" xx…
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17. See ISHMAELITES. 2. Though these eastern Israelites became lords par- amount of this vast tract of countrj-, it is not necessary to suppose that they exclusively occupied the entire re- gion, nor that the Ilagarites and their kindred, though subdued, Avere driven out ; for it was probably in the same neighborhood …
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Combinations marked the imrelenting hostdity of their neighbors toAvards the Jews to a very late period- One of these is mentioned in 1 Mace, v, as cUspersed by Judas INIaccabKus. "The children of B;can" (v'loi Bai- av) of ver. 4 have been by Hitzig conjectured to be the same as our Hagarenes; there is. hoAvever, no ot…
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This much ajipears from Haggai's jjrophecies (ch. i, 1, etc.), that he nourished during the reign of the Per- sian monarch Darius Hystaspis, who ascended the throne B.C. 521. It is probable that he was one of the exiles who returned with Zerubbabel and Jeshua ; and Ewald {die Proph. d. Alt. B.) is even tempted to infer…
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tion foreshadows fhe establishment of flic IMcssianic kingdom (see Hengstonbcrg, CliriatohH/ij, iii, 243 s(].) upon the overthrow ol'thc thrones of tlie nations (ii, 23). The style of tlie discourses uf Haggai is suitalile to their contents : it is ])athetic when he exhorts, it is ve- hement when he reproves, it is so…
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Ha'gia ("Ay/a or 'Ayio, Vulg. Aggia), given in the Ajjocryplia (1 Esd. v, 34) as the name of one of the '•servants of Solomon" whose "sons" returned to Jeru- salem after the exile; instead of Hattil (q. v.) of the Hil). text (Ezra ii, 57; Neh. vii,59), Hagidgad. See Hou-ha-gidgad. Hagiogr5pha,'Ayn;y.,rti/.rt (fl„/g U…
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HAHIROTII 21 IIAIIK maintains that the book of D.anicl was placed in the Hagiotiraplia in consetiueuce of the lower ilcgrcc of in- spiration attached to it; but herein he is opposed by Hiivernick {llamlhiich, p. 02), De Wette (§ 13) sup- poses that the first two divisions (the L<tw and the Prophets) were closed a li…
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HAIIX 22 HAIME ment exegesis and theology. He was tutor (privat- ilomit) at lireslau in 1845, went thence in 1«4G to Kii- nigsberg as professor ad inlerini on the deatli of Ilii- vmiick, anil in 1«51 became professor extraordinary,' and in l«Gt) ordinary- professor at Greifswald, succeed- ing Kosegarten. He edited H…
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Hail-stoxe (Tin '^X, e'hen barad', a stone of /tail). See above. Haime, John, a soldier in the English army, and one of iMr. Wesley's preachers. He was born at Shaftes- bury, Dorsetshire, in 171 0, and was bred a gardener, and afterwards a button-maker. From early life he lived in great wickedness, and in constant ago…
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2. Tlie precisely opjiosite practice, as regards men, would seem to have i)revailed among the ancient As- syrians, and, indeed, among the Asiatics generally. In the Assyrian sculptures the hair always appears long, combed close- ly down mion the head, and shed- ding itself in a mass of ciu-ls on the shoidders. "The be…
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arose a variety of superstitious and emblematic obsen-- ances, such as" shaving parts of the head, or cropping it in a particidar form ; parents dedicating the hair of in- fants (TertuIIian, De Anima) to the gods; young wom- en theirs at their marriage , warriors after a successful campaign ; sailors after deliverance …
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(r.) In times of affliction the hair was altogether cut off (Isa. iii, 17,24; xv, 2; xxii, 12; Jer. vii, 29; xlviii, 37; Amos viii, 10; Josephus, War, ii, 15, 1), the prac- tice of the Hebrews being in this respect the reverse of that of the Egjqitians, who let their hair grow long in time of mourning (Herod, ii, oC), …
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I Ancient Egyptian Ladies with their hair bound by fillets. HAKEWILL 26 HALAH (Ornaments were worked into the hair, as practised by the modern Efryptians, who '-add to each braid three black silk cords with little ornaments of tjold" (Lane, i, 71): the Sept. understands the term C-D":'J (Isa. ui, IH A V. "caids") a…
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Hakim Ben-Allah ocBen-Hashem,surnamed JloKAXXA (the veiled) and Sagendk Xaii (moon-intilcr), the founder of an Arabian sect, flourished in the latt r half of the 8th century. He began his career as a co.n- mon soldier, rose to a captaincy, but subsequently be- came the leader of a band of his omi. Having lost one of hi…
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haps in this general range. Schwarz thinks it may be identified with Jebel Madura, on the south frontier of Judah, between tlic south end of the Dead Sea and wady Gaian (^Palestine, p. 20); marked on Robinson's map a little south of the famous pass Nukb cs-Sufah. Haldane, James Alexander, brother of the following, was…
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Halde, Du. See Du Halde. Hale, John, a Congregational minister, was born June 3, 1030, in Charlestown, Mass. He graduated at Harvard College in 1G57, and was ordained first pastor of the newly-fiirmed ( 'liurch at Beverley, Sept. 20, 1667, where he remained until his death. May 15, 1700. He published an Election ,Senn…
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Half-way Covenant, a scheme adopted by the Congregational churches of New England in order to extend the privileges of church membership and infant itaptism beyond the pale of actual communicants at the Lord's table. Stoddard, of Northampton, vindicated it, and Jonathan Edwards opposed it. This struggle caused Edwards'…
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u-icket {John x.vin,l(j; Acts xii, 13) Kitto,s.v. AvXi) is the equivalent for ~ii£Il, an inclosed or fortified space (Gesenius, Thesuur. p. 512), in many places in the O. T. where the Vulg. and A. Vers, have respectively villa or viculus, "village," or atrium, "court," chiefly of the tab- emacle or Temple. Sec Coiirr.…
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HaU, Peter, an English divine and theological writer, was born in 1H(«. He studied first at Winches- ter Collogf, and entered Hrazenose College, Oxford, in 1«20. He was ordained in 1M2.S, and became successive- ly curate of St. Edmund's, Salisl)ury; rector of Millston, Wilts, in 1«;M ; minister of Tavistock chapel, Dru…
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the public in the discourse entitleil Sentinienfs siiifabk to the present Crmn, which raised Mr. Hall's reputation for krjje views and powerful eloquence to the liigliest pitch. In November, 1804, owing chiefly to a disease of the spine, attended by want of sufficient exercise and rest, the exquisitely toned mind of j\…
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Hallel (^5^!', Gr, vfivoc;), thei designation of a par- ticular ]iart of the hymnal service, chanted in the Tem- ple and in the family on certain festivals. 1. Origin of the name, contents of the service, etc. The name hallel', 'bh'il, which signifies 7)r«!«e, is kot l^oxoi', given to this distinct portion of the hymn…
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5. A!7e;-«/«/-f .-Maimonides, Jo>l //„.( %.~<,k„. Ililchnth Chamez u. Maza, sections vii and viii, vol. i. p. 2(;8-'>(;,-) • Buxtorf, Lexicon Chaldaicum Tahnudicum ,t Pabbini- ann, s. v. V?r\, col. 6t.'J-61G ; and Bartoloccii, JHUiotheca Mayna liabbinira, ii, 227-24.3, have important treatises upon this subject, but th…
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Haller, Berthold, one of the Reformers of Berne, was born at Aldingcn, Wtirtemberg, in 1492. At Pforz- heim he had Melancthon for a fellow-student, and grad- uated bachelor at Cologne in 1512. After teaching some time at Rottweil he went to Berne, invited by Ru- bellus in 1513 (1518?). He became assistant to Dr. Wyttcn…
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Hallo'hesh or, rather, Lociiesii (Heb. Lochesh', nnib, with the article Uini^f^, hal-lochesh', the whis- perer; Sept. AXXwtJQ and 'AXwJ/c, Yulg. Alohes), the father of Shallum, which latter assisted Nehcmiah in repairing the walls of Jerusalem (Neh. iii, 12, where the name is Anglicized "Halohesh"). He was one of the j…
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A. Ham's Place in his Family. Idolati-y connected with his Name. — Like his brothers, he was married at the time of the Deluge, and with his wife was saved from the general destruction in the ark which his father had prepared at God's command. He was thus, with his family, a connecting link between the antediluvian pop…
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iia:m B. Descendants of Ham, and their loralitij.— The loosi, distribution Avhich assigns ancient Asia to Sliom, and ancient Africa to Ham, requires much modification; for although the Shemites had but little connection with Africa, the descendants of Ham had, on the conlrarv, wide settlements in Asia, not only on the…
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I. Cisii (.h)sephus Xovaor) "reigned over the Ethi- opians" [Afririin Cushites] ; Jerome (in Qiicest. Ilehr.in (itiii'.i.), " 15 )th the .1 rabid/i h'l/iiojna, wliich was the parent ci >unt ry, and the African, its colony" [Abyssinia = ( Uish in tlie Vnlg. and Syr.] ; but these gradations (con- lining Cush (irst to the…
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l.*SV?;a (.Josephns Sa/Snc) is "universally admitted by critics to be the ancient name for the Egyptian [Nu- bian] Meroe" (Bohlen). This is too large a" statement ; Bochart denies that it could be Meroe, on the assump- tion that this city did not exist before Cambvses, relj'- ing on the statement of Diodorus and Lucius…
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5. Sabtechah (Joseph. YafiaKaOd, llafiaKd9ac) is by Kalisch thought to have settled in Ethiopia, and tlie fonn of the word favors the opinion, the other com- poimds o{ Sab being apparently of Ethiopic or Cushite origin. " Its obvious resemblance to the Ethiopian name Siibatol; discovered on Egyptian monimients (comp. t…
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MiZUAI.M. J.iinil of 11am. — By this and similar poetic terms the I'salniist designates K'pjid in Psa. cv, 23 ("Jacob so- journed in the land of Ham," cn T''1X3, here parallel and synonymous with C^'i:i'3,with which compare ver. 27, and cvi, 22, 23), and in Psa. Ixxviii, 51 (where "/Ae tabernacles of Ham" DPI"'^bn5<, …
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1. iMdim (Josephus AovSuii.iog') is not to be con- founded with Shem's son Lud (ver. 22), the progenitor of the Lydians. The Lnchm are often mentioned in Scriptiure (Isa. Ixvi, 19; Jer. xlvi, 9; Ezek. xxvii, 10; XXX, 5) as a warlike nation, skilled in the use of spear and bow, and seem to have been employed (much as th…
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Philistim (Josephus ^vKkttivuq), who, according to Josephus, suggested to the Greeks the name of Pales- tine. We here advert to the various readings of the Hebrew text suggested by jMichaelis {Spicilerj. p. 278), who, after Eashi and Masius, would transpose the sen- tence thus: 'b'B Dt'73 ^x:j;;i nrx 33-rxi cstni, tha…
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IV. Canaan (.Jospi)1uis Xavdavor) was the yoimgest of the sons of Ham, and tliere is less obscurity concern- ing his descendants. " Canaan, the fourth son of Ham," says .losci.luis (.1 nt. i, G, 2), " inhabited the country now called .ludifa (t>)v vvv KuXovfttviiv 'lovcaiav. In the time of.Ioseidms, it must be recollec…
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HAM 41 HAM 8. The Sinife (Josephus ^eivaloi;) probably dwelt near I his brother, the iVrkite, on the moimtain fortress of Siv- vcic, mentioned by Strabo (xv, 755) and by Jerome. {). The .1 rcadite (Josephus ' Apovcaloq) is mentioned by Josephus as occupying an island which was very cel- ebrated in Phoenician histor…
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In the genealogical record of the race of Ham (CJen. x) reference is made to the ^'■tongues" (or dialctt-s) which they spoke (ver. 20). Comparative philology, which is so rich in illustrations of the unity of the Indo- Germanic languages, h^s done next to nothing to eluci- date the lingiustic relations of the families …
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An inquiry into the history of the Hamitic nations presents considerable difficidties, since it cannot be de- termined in the cases of the most important of those commonly held to be Hamite that they were purely of that stock. It is certain that the three most illustrious Hamitic nations — the Cushites, the Phoenicians…
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2. "They of Ham" [or Chani] (Cn-'TS; Sept. 'Ek Tiov v'lwv Xcif-i ; Vnlg. de stirpe Chani) are mentioned in 1 Ciiron. iv, 40 — in one of those historical fragments for which the early chapters of these Chronicles are so val- uable, as illustrating the private enterprise and valor of certain sections of the Hebrew nation…
1,013 wordsSource & rights
Public-domain 19th-century biblical, theological, and ecclesiastical reference work; OCR text from Internet Archive. Historical scholarship and terminology reflect its era; OCR may contain errors. Verify quotations and current scholarly claims independently.
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Historical Christian writing; not Scripture.