The lately exhumed foundations of the Church of St. Clement are confidently claimed as relics of the same age (JIullooly, Clement's Basilica in Rome [Rome, 1873, 8vo]). See Clkment.
Linus (who is mentioned in 2 Tim. iv, 21) and Clem- ent (Phil, iv, 3) are supposed to have succeeded Peter as bishops of Rome. See Linus.
IV. Mystical Titles. — Rome, as being their tyrannical mistress, was an object of special hatred to the Jews, who therefore denominated her by the name of Jhihylon — the state in whose dominions thej' had endured a long and heavy servitude (Schbttgen, Ilor. Hth. i, 1 125 ; Eisenmenger, Entdeckt. Judenth. i, 1800). Accordingly Rome, under the name of Babylon, is set forth in the Apocalypse (xiv, 8; xvi, 19; xvii, 5; xviii. 2) as the centre and representative of heathenism; while Jerusa- lem appears as the symbol of Judaism. In xvii, 9 al- lusion is clearly made to the SepticoUis, the seven-hilled city — " seven mountains on which the woman sitteth." The description of this woman, in whom the profligacy of Rome is vividly personified, may be seen in Rev. xvii. In ch. xiii Rome is pictured as a huge, unnatural beast, whose name or number "is the number of a man, and his number is x^'^'," G(56, not improbably Latinos, Aa- nivoQ, Latin, Roman. This beast has been most vari- ously interpreted. The several theories serve scarcely more than to display the ingenuity or the bigotry of their originators, and to destroy each other. Miinter {])e Occvlto Urhis Roma Nomine [Hafn. 1811]) thinks there is a reference to the secret name of Rome, the dis- closure of which, it was thought, would be destructive to the state (Pliny, I/isf. Nat. iii, 9 ; Macrobius, Sat. iii, 5; Plutarch, Quast. Rom. c. 61; Servius, Ad Ain. ii, 293). Pliny's words occur in the midst of a long and picturesque account of Italy. Coming in the course of it to speak of Rome, he says, " the uttering of whose other name is accounted impious, and when it had been spoken by Valerius Soranus, who immediately suffered the penalty, it was blotted out with a faith no less ex- cellent than beneficial." He then proceeds to speak of the rites observed on the first of January, in connection with this belief, in honor of Diva Angerona, whose im- age appeared with her mouth bound and sealed up. This mystic name tradition reports to have been Va- lencia.
One of the most recent views of the name of the beast, from the pen of a Christian writer, we find in Hyponoia, or Thouyhts on a Spiritual Understandiny of the Apocalypse (Lond. 1844). '"The number in ques- tion (666) is expressed in Greek by three letters of the alphabet: \, six hundred; 5) sixty; t, six. Let us suppose these letters to be the initials of certain )iames, as it was common with the ancients in their inscriptions to indicate names of distinguished characters by initial letters, and .sometimes bs- an additional letter, as C. Caius, Cn. Cneus. The Greek letter ^ (ch) is the initial of XpojTOQ (Christ) ; the letter ^ is the initial of ^v\ov (wood or tree) ; sometimes figuratively put in the New Test, for the cross. The last letter, <r, is equivalent to (T and T, but whether an s or an st, it is tlie initial of the word Satanas, Satan, or the adversary. Taking the first two names in the genitive, and the last in the nom- inative, we have the f(jllowing appellation, name, or ti- tle: XpirTTov S,ii\ov aaravag, 'the adversary of the cross of Christ,' a character corresponding with that of certain enemies of the truth described by Paul (Phil, iii, 19)." See Numbek of the Beast.
ROME, BiSHOi' OF. See Pope.
ROME, Councils of. The most important are: 1. In 313, against the lapsi, and on discipline; 2. In 341, by pope Julius I and the Eastern bishops, in favor of Athanasius; 3. In 352, bj' Liberius, for the same object ; 4. In 3.58, against the emperor Constans and the here- tics; 5. In 364, at which were present deputies from the Council of Lampsacus; 6. In 366, at which the Macedo- nians adopted the Nicene Creed; 7. In 867, to examine
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into the charge of a(hiltery preferred ag;ainst the pope Damasus; 8. In 3G9, by Damasus. at which Ursinus and Valera were condemned; 9. In 372, at which Aiixen- tius, bishop of Milan, was excommunicated; 10. In 374, by Damasus, condemning ApoUinaris; 11. In 375, con- demning Lucius, bishop of Alexandria ; 12. In 376, against the Apollinarists and others; 13. In 380, fourth of Dam- asus, against the Sabellians, Arians, etc.; 14. In 400, against the Donatists; 15. In 430, against Nestorius; Hi. In 444, against the Manichees; 17. In 774, giving Charlemagne power to elect the Roman pontiif, and to invest all bishops; 18. In 963, deposing pope John XII and appointing Leo VIII ; 19. In 964, deposing Leo VIII; 20. In 964, restoring Leo VIII and deposing Benedict V, etc. — Smith, Tables of Church Hist.; Lan- don, Manual nf Councils. See Lateran ; Vatican.
ROJVIE, Jews in. The origin of the Jews in Rome is very obscure. If credit is to be given to a reading in Valerius Maximus, as it is found in two epitomists — Julius Paris and Januari us Nepotianus — the Jews were al- ready in Rome in 139 B.C. The old reading was, " Idem {Q. Cornelius Hispalla, prwtor peregrinus) qui Sabazii Jovis cullu simulate mores Romanos inficere conati sunt, domes SUES repetere coegit." The epitomists read : Paris. I Xepotianus.