PUBLIC-DOMAIN CHRISTIAN BOOK
McClintock & Strong Cyclopaedia — Volume 9
John McClintock & James Strong · 1,443,801 words · 1412 reading sections
Section 1
CYCLOPEDIA OF BIBLICAL, THEOLOGICAL, AND ECCLESIASTICAL LITERATURE. PREPARED BY THE REV. JOHN M'ei^INTOCK, D.D., JAMES STRONG, S.T D. Vol. IX— RH ST. PRIVATE LIBRARY RICHARD C HALVCPSGNI NEW YORK: HARPER & BROTHERS, PUBLISHERS, FRANKLIN SQUARE. 1880. 4 CYCLOPEDIA OF BIBLICAL, THEOLOGICAL, AND ECCLESIAST…
907 wordsSECTION 2Section 2
General View of Sebustiyeh Colonnade at Sebustiyeh Samaritans at Prayer Plan of Samaritan Synagogue Plan of Mount Gerizim Specimen of Samaritan Pentateuch Harbor of Samos Coin of Samos Map of Samothrace Coin of Samothrace Ancient Egyptian Sandals Ancient Assyrian Sandals Ancient Greek and Roman Sandals San…
905 wordsSECTION 3Section 3
Ancient Egyptian Spearmen 914 Greek and Roman Spears 915 Sper at Walmgate 924 View of the Sphinx 926 AstrafjahiJt iragacantha 927 Common Spider 929 Indian Spikenard 932 Ancient Egyptians Spinning 933 Ancient Egyptian Spindles 934 Early English Spires 940 Spire at Ringstead 940 Spire at Caythorpe 941 Spire C…
927 wordsSECTION 4Section 4
"Rain down, ye heav'ns, eternal bliss I The cherub-cliiud to-dny Bears Jesus wlierc his Father is, Along the starry way." See Neale's Hymns of the Eastern Ch. p. 229 sq. (B. P.) Rhea, Samuel Audlev, a Presbyterian missionary, was born in Blountville. East Tenn., Jan. 23, 1827. He graduated at the University of East Te…
934 wordsSECTION 5Section 5
Rhemish Testament, a Romish version of the New Ti'-t.. priuli'd ai K'biiuis. France, in l.'iM2, accom- panied with copious Holes by It'uman Calholic authors. This version, like the Douay Old Test., with which it is generally iHHiiid up, was translated from the Latin Vul- gate. Sii' MoIAY Biui.h:. Rhenferd, .Iakoij, n …
967 wordsSECTION 6Section 6
Rho, Giovanni, an Italian Jesuit, was born at Jlilan in 1590. In 1G06 he was admitted to the Society of Jesus, taught rhetoric at Brera, and, after a time, de- sired to go as a missionary to India. But his superiors refused to grant his request, and he continued during his whole life to teach in the different cities of…
911 wordsSECTION 7Section 7
Under Constantine it was the metropolis of the " Province of the Islands." It was the last place where the Christians of the East held out against the advanc- ing Saracens; and subsequently it was once more fa- mous as the home and fortress of the Knights of St. John. The most prominent remains of the city and harbor a…
958 wordsSECTION 8Section 8
RHODES RIB turned to Macao and remained ten years, teaching and travelling through the province of Canton. He still desired to return to Cochin-China, and was again met by persecution — this time barely escaping with his life, b,eing sentenced to perpetual banishment (1G46). On his way to Europe he was imprisoned at …
921 wordsSECTION 9Section 9
Gloucester Cathedral, cir. 1320. Thornton Abbey, Liucolushire, cir. 1420. KIB 6 RIBAS ril)9 are sometimes ornamented with the characteristic ornament, tlie biill-tloirer. In onlinary Perpcmlicitlar vaulting;, ribs are applied niiicli in the same way as in the preceding style, but ihev are sometimes employed in gr…
919 wordsSECTION 10Section 10
Riband (Nimib. xv, 38\ See Lack. Ribas, JfAN i)i':. a Spanish ecclesiastic, was born at Cordova in 1612. He belonged to the Order of Domin- icans, and taught for many years in the convent of St. Paid at Cordova. His death occurred Nov. 4, 1687. Besides sermons and some ascetic treatises, he wrote, Siielilo III Cesar y…
912 wordsSECTION 11Section 11
1. One of the landmarks on the eastern boundary of the land of Israel, as specified by IMoses (Numb, xxxiv, 11). Its position is noted in this passage with much precision. ■ It was between Shepham and the sea of • Numbers with that of Jeremiah and tlie later histor- Cinnereth, and on the " east side of the spring." Th…
931 wordsSECTION 12Section 12
Riccardi, Niccfux), an Italian theologian, was born at (Icnoa in l.')«5. He studied in Spain. joined the Or- der of Dominicans, and in lf',13 was chosen to occupy the chair of theology at Valladolid. He soon became noted as a preacher, and was calh'd to court. Philip HI, iharmed with his elocpuMice, called him a prodig…
952 wordsSECTION 13Section 13
Ricci, Matteo, one of the earliest and most suc- cessfid missionaries of the Romish Church. He was born at Maccrata, in Ancona, in 1552, and was early de- voted to a clerical life. After a thorough instruction in languages and the sciences, he entered the Order of Jesuits in 1571. His comprehensive learning, together w…
1,091 wordsSECTION 14Section 14
Ricci, Scipione, bishop of Pistoja and Prato, in the duchy of Tuscany, was born at Florence Jan. 9, 1741, of parents belonging to an ancient and honoralile family. He was early brought under Jansenistic influence, and develojied the tendencies so received while pursuing his theological studies with the Florentine Bened…
981 wordsSECTION 15Section 15
Riccioli, (iiovANNi Battista, an Italian astrono- mer and Jesuit, was born at Ferrara in 1598, and was professor of philosophy, theology, etc., at Bologna and Parma. By authority of his superiors, he devoted him- self to astronomy, that he might confute the Copernican system, which he attempted to do in his Almugestum …
931 wordsSECTION 16Section 16
Rice, John H. (1), a Presbyterian minister, was born at Sharon, N. Y., March 9, 1800. He received a good academical education, studied tlieology in Auburn Seminary, N. Y., was licensed and ordained in 1832, and subsequently became pastor of the following churches: Cambria, N. Y.; Beamsville and Grimsby, C. W.; Rut- lan…
1,032 wordsSECTION 17Section 17
TvICE 12 RICE of the people and their destitution of Gospel privileges. Althou<;h sick, he must preacli ; and he (/('/ preach until he had utterly exhausted his remaining strength. He was at length seized with a high congestive fever, and died at (^linc^•, Fla., Sept. 10. 1«40. He was a bright and shilling light. Hi…
1,142 wordsSECTION 18Section 18
Rice, Phiiieas, D.D., an eminent ^lethodist preach- er, was born in the State of Vermont in 1786. Having been converted when about sixteen years of age, he was soon called to publicl}' exercise his gifts. He was re- ceived on trial in the New York Conference in 1807, and was sent to labor as junior preacher on the (Jra…
915 wordsSECTION 19Section 19
Rich, Obadiah, an American bibliopole, was born in 1783. He published several works bearing on bibli- ography, but that for which lie was most distinguished was the Bihliotheca A mericana Xova. He died Jan. 20, 1850. (W. P. S.) Richard ok AuMAuir — whose real name was Fitz- Ridjdi, and whose liistdrical name is Armar…
881 wordsSECTION 20Section 20
Kichard of St. Victor, a celebrated mystic and writer of the 12th century, concerning whose life but little is known. He was of Scottish extraction, and at an early age entered the Augustinian convent of St. Victor at Paris, where he became the pupil of the learned and pious Hugo {i\. v.). He was made sub-prior of the …
985 wordsSECTION 21Section 21
Richard I, king of England, surnamed C<eur de Liox, was the third son of Henry II by his queen, Eleanor. He was born at Oxford in September, 1157. In the treaty of Montmirail, entered into Jan. G, 1109, between Henry and Louis VII of France, it was stipu- lated that the duchy of A(|uitaiiie should be made over to Richa…
1,270 wordsSECTION 22Section 22
Richard, Jean-Pierre, a French preacher, was born at Bel fort, Feb. 7, 1743. In 1760 he was admitted to the Order of Jesuits, and on its dissolution he went to Lorraine, where he superintended the education of the nephew of the prince-bishop. About 1786 he re- turned to France, and preached in Paris, but did not take t…
941 wordsSECTION 23Section 23
Richards, George, 1).I)., an English divine, was l)orn at Halesworth, Suffolk, in 1769. He was oilucaled at Christ's llosjiital, matriculated at Trinity College, Oxford, in 1785, and olitained a scholarship. He was made lellow of Oriel Oillege in 1790, vicar ol' Bampton in 1791;, and rector of St. IMarlin's-in-the-Fiel…
1,079 wordsSECTION 24Section 24
Richards, Lewis, a Baptist minister, was born in 1752, in the parish of Llanbadarn Fawr, Cardiganshire, South Wales. At the age of nineteen j'ears he made a public profession of religion, and joined a society of In- dependents and studied for a short time in Lady Hunt- ingdon's College. He then came to America, intendi…
970 wordsSECTION 25Section 25
Richards, William Lyman, a native Indian missionary, was born in Lahina, Southern India, Dec. 2, 1823. He was sent to America to be educated with a view to the ministry. He accordingly entered Jeft'erson College, Va., where be graduated in 1841. Soon after he left college he became teacher of a classical school in Wood…
1,006 wordsSECTION 26Section 26
Richardson, John, bishop of Ardagh, was a na- tive of Chester, England, but took his <legree of D.D. at the University of Dublin. Of his early life we know nothing, save that he was appointed preacher to the state in 1601. He was consecrated bishop of Ardagh in 1633, and held the archdeanery of Derry, the rector}'^ of …
984 wordsSECTION 27Section 27
Richardson, 'William, D.D., an English clergy- man, was born in 1098, at Wilshamstead, near Bedford, and educated at Westminster and Emmanuel colleges, Cambridge. He was appointed curate of St. Olave's, Southwark; and lecturer in 1727. He was collated to the prebend of Welton-Rivall, Lincoln, in 1724; was made master o…
913 wordsSECTION 28Section 28
RICHER 20 RICHTER his mausoleum (tlic celebrated Girardon's masterpiece) may be seen. Busy witli aflairs of state, witli war abroail, and dissension, ])lots, and treason at liome, Kiclielieu nevertlieless promoted arts and sciences, found- ed the Jardiu du Koi (now Jardin des I'laiites), also the French Academy and …
956 wordsSECTION 29Section 29
Richmond, Legh, an English clergyman, was born in Liverpool, Jan. 29, 1772. He graduated at Trin- ity College, Cambridge, in 1794, and was ordained in 1797. He became curate of Brading and Yaverland, in the Isle of Wight, in 1798, and, in 1805, chaplain to the Lock Hospital, London. In the same year he was pre- sented …
1,016 wordsSECTION 30Section 30
Richter, Christian Friedrich, a German hym- nologist, was born at Sorau, in Silesia, Oct. 5, 1676. He studied medicine and theology at Halle, and after the completion of his studies was appointed by Francke su- perintendent of the academy. After the death of liis brother, he was also appointed medical attendant of the …
1,077 wordsSECTION 31Section 31
Ricius, Paul. See Ricci. Rickards, Saml'ki., an English clergyman, was born in 17!^>5; entered Oriel College, Oxford, in 1814; obtained the Newdigate prize for English verse in 1815, and graduated in second-class honors in 1817. He was feUow of Oriel College in 1819 to 1823, and vicar of Stow, Langtoft, Suffolk, from …
937 wordsSECTION 32Section 32
We know that all ancient nations, especially Orien- tals, have been fond of riddles (Kosenmiiller, Morgenl. iii, 68). We find traces of the custom among the Arabs (Koran, xxv, 35), and, indeed, several Arabic books of riddles exist— as Ketab el-Algaz in 1469, and a book of riddles solved, called Akd el-Themin. But thes…
1,049 wordsSECTION 33Section 33
reaaepa (pwiijeira (p^p^t, Tfc 6" ijipuiva 6u aVTUi 6ta<Tun' LKTTpa'jaXiav (?), Upi^^ov 5' h\ov e^ovofiijvoy' n6' tKuToi'Ttida? oKTU) aTriffTOTepotp uf^pcciTroiP oC'vofia 6t)\w(jet. W'ith examples like this before us, it would be ab- surd to doubt that John (not greatly removed in time from the Christian forgers of t…
1,004 wordsSECTION 34Section 34
Rider, .John, an Irish prelate, was horn at Carring- ton, in Cheshire, about 1562, and entered Jesus (Jollege, Oxford, in 1.576, where he took his degree of A.M., and continued in the university for some years, teaching grammar chiefly. He was preferred to the living of Waterstock, Oxfordsliire, in l.')80, but resigned…
735 wordsSECTION 35Section 35
Ridley, Nicholas, an eminent English prelate and martyr, was descended from an ancient family in Northumberland, and was born early in the l()th cen- tiirj", in Tynedale, at a place called Wilmontswick. He was educated in a grammar school at Newcastle- upon-Tyne, and entered Pembroke Hall, Cambridge, about 1518. Here h…
1,307 wordsSECTION 36Section 36
Ridolphus (Ital. Hidolfi), Ci.audio, a painter of the Venetian school, was born at Verona in 1574. He was descended from a noble family, and in his youth made great progress in his art. He worked in Verona, Urbino, and other cities of Italy. He died in 16-14. The works of Ridolphus show a purity of design and simplicit…
971 wordsSECTION 37Section 37
RIETI 27 RIGBY thusiastic supporter — while at Avignon, and he there received the appointment of papal nutary. After his return to Kome he devoted himself to the work of in- flaming the passions of the people through the means of popular and patriotic addresses, and with such suc- cess that he was proclaimed tribune…
1,082 wordsSECTION 38Section 38
Rietschel, Ernst FiUEuracH August, an eminent German sculptor, was born in Pulsnitz, Saxony, Dec. 15, 1804. He studied under Ranch at Berlin, and in Italy. Settling in Dresden, he became professor in the Academy of Arts. Among his works are, j\Iarif Kneeliuf/ over the Bead Body of Christ: — a bust of l.u- ffter: — the …
941 wordsSECTION 39Section 39
Right, Diviue. See Jiuk Divino. Righteousness CP"1^, CiKia, the quality of beitig riijhl morally ). The righteousness of God is the essen- tial perfection of his nature, and is fre(]uently used to designate his holiness, justice, and faithfulness (Gen. xviii, 25; Deut. vi,25; Psa, xxxi, 1; cxix, 137, 142; Isa, xlv, 23…
987 wordsSECTION 40Section 40
Riley, Isaac, a minister of the Presbyterian Church, son of H. A. Riley, was born in the city of New York Feb. 2, 1835. After receiving a preparatory edu- cation lie entered Yale College, and was graduated, having written the class poem. He next entered the Union Theological Seminary, and, after graduation, was admitte…
1,240 wordsSECTION 41Section 41
4. (Heb. Rimmono', ira"!. his pomegranate ; Sept. i) RIMMOX 3IETI10AR 30 RING 'Pf/iuwj'.) A city of Zebulun belonging to the ]Merar- Junius and Tremellius, and Luther. Symraachus ren- ite Levites (1 Clinin. vi, 77). There is great discrep- [ dered ^Nr's^n, a descriptive epithet attached to Rim- ancv between the li…
921 wordsSECTION 42Section 42
Yulg. Remmon, A mthar ; A. V. " Remmon-methoar '), a Hebrew's attire, inasmuch as it containeil his signet, and place which formed one of the landmarks of the east- : g^.^^ „,,,g^, j^g ^a^^^ t„ t,,jg circumstance, the term tab- ern boundary of the territory of Zebulun (Josh, xix, j^^^,^/^ ^^^^^^ derived from a root sig…
1,274 wordsSECTION 43Section 43
RING {in A tlire). The practice of wearing rings has been widely prevalent in different countries and at different periods. They have been used to decorate the arms, legs, feet, toes, fingers, nose, and ears. The most general and most distinguished use of rings is on the finger. In ancient times the ring was a symbol o…
1,137 wordsSECTION 44Section 44
RING {in Mati'imony'). Originally the gift of the ring was made at the time of espousal, and not at the solemnization of marriage. Calroer (Ritual. Eccles.') traces the origin of the marriage ring to the 10th cen- tury. He supposes it to have been introduced in imi- tation of the ring worn by bishops, and to have been …
1,068 wordsSECTION 45Section 45
Riug-streaked is the rendering of the English Version (" ring-straked") of the Heb. "IpS", akod (Gen. xxx; xxxi), as applied to the parti-colored rams of Jacob's flock. The Hebrew word literally means band- ed, or striped, and seems to refer especially to a varie- gation of color in the feet (Symmachus XivKoiroStQ, Saa…
978 wordsSECTION 46Section 46
Ripley, Ezra, a Unitarian minister, was born at Woodstock, Conn., May 1, 1751. He followed farming until he was sixteen, when he began to study, and was admitted into Harvard College, July, 1772. After his graduation he taught in Plymouth, and studied theolo- gy under Rev. Jason Haven, of Dedham. He was or- dained past…
931 wordsSECTION 47Section 47
Ripley, Samuel, son of Ezra, was born in Con- cord, Mass., March 11, 1783, and graduated from Cam- bridge in 1804. He was ordained, Nov. 22, 1809, pastor of the Church at Waltham. After the death of Rev. B. Whitman, it was proposed to unite the two U^nitarian societies ; but Mr. Ripley, thinking it too great a bur- den…
939 wordsSECTION 48Section 48
lous favor of God, who desired thus to honor his ser- vants in the eyes of men. Xumerous instances are re- corded in the .-1 eta iSancturum, and their relation ac- counts for the frequency with which representations of saints are exhibited in an aerial position in mediieval paintings, etc. This belief falls in with one…
905 wordsSECTION 49Section 49
Ritschl, Georg Karl Benjamin, an eminent minister of the evangelical Church of Prussia, was born Nov. 1, 1783, at, Erfurt. He studied theology at Erfurt and Jena, was licensed to preach in 1802, and came to Berlin in 1804, serving first as a private tutor, next as an adjunct professor in a gymnasium, and finally as a p…
1,011 wordsSECTION 50Section 50
Ritu, the seasons of the Hindus, which are six in number — two summers, two springs, and two winters. Their names are Sisar, the season of dew; J/imanI, of cold; IV/.s-ay/h/, of bloom ; 6'MV(n(/, of heat ; \'a)'sa, of rain; and Sarat, of thaw. Ritual (from rifus, a ceremony) has been defined as "the external body of w…
997 wordsSECTION 51Section 51
3. Greek Church. — In the Greek Church, as in the other Eastern communions, the ritual forms part of the general collection (which contains also the eucharistic service) entitled Euchologion (q. v.). 4. The Methodist Churches. — The ritual of these churches embraces directions for public worsliip, for the administrati…
1,153 wordsSECTION 52Section 52
There have been a number of legal cases arising out of the teaching and practices of the Ritualists, The Church of Barnabas, Pimlico, was opened in 1850 for the purpose of carrying out completely and honestly the principles of Ritualism. Tliis led to litigation, which ultimately brought both advocates and opponents be…
951 wordsSECTION 53Section 53
1. Pj^X (or P3S), uhdl, used only in three passages of Daniel (viii, 2, 3, 6). '■ I was by the river of Ulai." It comes from the root >3'i, which, like the correspond- ing Arabic, signifies to jioio copiously. Its derivative, ?13^, is the Hebrew term for deluge. 2. p'^SX, aphil; from pSX, to hold or restrain. It thus …
1,223 wordsSECTION 54Section 54
Neither of these words expresses the thing intended ; but the term "brook" is peculiarh' unhappy, since the pastoral idea which it conveys is quite at variance with RIVER 40 RIVER the general character of the wadys of Palestine. Many of these are deep abrupt chasms or rents in the solid rock of the hills, and have …
958 wordsSECTION 55Section 55
8. What is commonly rendered "conduit" (2 Kings xviii, 17 ; xx, 20 ; Isa. vii, 3 ; xxxvi, 2), once a " water- course" (Job xxviii, 25), is in one verse transformed into "little rivers," but with "conduits" on the margin (Ezek. xxxi, 4). The word is il3"Pl, teuldh, and means simply a chainiel or conduit for the conveyin…
1,094 wordsSECTION 56Section 56
There is nothing, therefore, in any of the passages of Scripture in which this term occurs, nor in the geo- graphical notices in other passages, nor is there any- thing in the old geographers or historians tending to identify Ndchal Mitzrdyim with the Nile. This ap- pears more clearly when the proper distinction is dra…
886 wordsSECTION 57Section 57
Riz'pah (Ileb. Ritspah', ilSS"i, a live coal, as in Isa. vi, 6; Sept. 'Pfff0a V. r. 'Pf0^a5; Josephus/Pata^a [Ant. vii, 1, 4]), a concubine of king Saul, and mother of two of his sons, Armoni and Mejjhibosheth. B.C. cir. 1080. Like many others of the prominent female char- acters of the Old Test. — Ruth, Raliab, Jezebe…
981 wordsSECTION 58Section 58
From the nature of the soil in the Holy Land, the roads must have been sometimes mountainous and rocky, sometimes level and sandy. The former were the most difiicult, and in the rainy season the torrents made them dangerous (Schulz, Leitnng, v, 350). Yet the)' had a firmness which was important, since little was known …
930 wordsSECTION 59Section 59
In the time of the Romans there was also a road from Jerusalem to the lake Gennesareth through Shechem and Scythopolis. The same road sent a branch off at Sc\'thopolis in a westerly direction through Esdraelon to C.esarea; and another branch across the Jordan to Gadara, on to Damascus, along which line of country there…
978 wordsSECTION 60Section 60
ROAN 44 ROBBIA Roan, John, a Presbyterian minister, was born in Ire- land about 1711), and was brouiflir up a weaver. He came to the United States in liis youth, studied at the New College, and was licensed to preacli by the '■ New Side" Presbytery of Newcastle. As early as 17-11 lie taught ill a grammar-school on t…
1,018 wordsSource & rights
Public-domain 19th-century biblical, theological, and ecclesiastical reference work; OCR text from Internet Archive. Historical scholarship and terminology reflect its era; OCR may contain errors. Verify quotations and current scholarly claims independently.
Project Gutenberg source record →
Historical Christian writing; not Scripture.