SYMMACHUS
vo
SYMPOSIA
For philological purposes, Synimachus is just as use- ful as the other Greek translators. Biblical criticism may also derive some advantage from the translation, of course, by exhibiting the greatest care. Thus I'sa. XXX, 13, Symmachns reads as our text, TT-D, and so also the Chaldee, Jerome, Syriac, and Theodotion, against the "^TIH^ of the Sept., Vulg., and Arab. ; in Ixvi, 13, our text has fT^TiS, but Sj'mmachus, the Sept., Syr., and Chald. seem to have read nm~i?.
The fragments of Symmachus's version of the Old Test, are given by Flam. Nobilis in Vet. Test. sec. LXX Lat, Redditum, etc. (Komc, 15S7); Drusius, Veteruni Interpretum Grcecorum in Totum V. T. Frarjmenta Col- lectci, etc. (Arnheim, 1(522); Bos, I'. T. ex ]'erslon. LXX Interp. etc., nee nun Fraf/nientis Versionum Aquike, Sijm- machi et Tlieadotionk ( Franek. 170!}); Jlontfaucon, Hexoplorum Origenis qme Supersunt, etc. (Paris, 1713; in a later edition with notes by K. Bahrdt, Leips. and Liibeck, 17G9-70). The fragments on single books were edited by Trendelenburg, Chrestomuthia Hexaplaris (Liibeck and Leips. 1794) ; Spohn, Jeremias Vates e Ver- sione Judfroruni, etc. (Lips. 1794, 1824); Segaar, Daniel sec. LXXet Tetrajilis Oriyenis, etc. (Trier, 1775) ; Schar- fenberg, A ninuuhef'siones qiiibus Fi-agmenta Versionum V. T. Emendantitr (Lips. 177G-81), spec, i et ii ; Schleus- neVjOpuscula Critica ad Versiones Onscas V.T. (ibid. 1812).
Literature. — Eichhorn, Einleilunq in das Alte Tes- tament ( 4th ed. ), i, 53 1 sq. ; Carpzov, Critica Sacra, p. 566 sq. ; Keil, Introduction to the Old Testament, ii, 233 sq.; llerbst, Eiiileitmig, i, 160; Kaulen, Einleitunfj in die heilif/e Schrift (Freiburg, 1876), p. 79; Field, Origenh I lexaplorum qiue Supersunt, etc. (Oxonii, 1871), p. xxxiv ; Flirst, Hibl. Jud. iii, 399 sij. ; Thieme, J)is- putatio de Puritate Symmachi (Lips. 1755); Geiger, Jiidische Zeitschrift (Breslau, 1862), i, 39-64, and his Xachgdassene Schriften (Berl. 1877), iv, 88 sq. ; Theolo- gisches ('nirnsal-Lexikon, s. v. ; Heidenheim, Viertel- jahrsschrijl (1867), iii. 463 sq. See Greek Versions. (B. P.)
Symmachus, Quintus Aurelius, a pra?fect, pon- tiff, and augur of Rome in its declining age, remarkable for his eloquent appeal against the ruin threatened by the triumph of Christianity ; he is the author of Epistles still extant. His zeal for the ancient faith of Rome exercised througbmit life a marked influence upon his character. He was chosen by the senate to remonstrate with Gratian on the removal of the altar of victory (Ji.D. 382), from their council-hall, and for curtailing the an- nual allowance to the Vestal \1rgins. The emperor banished him from Rome, but in 384, having been ap- pointed pnefect of the city, he urged in an epistle to Valentinianus the restoration of pagan deities. In this he was unsuccessful, but witliout personal loss, being ap- pointed consul under Theodosius in 391.
Synimes, William, D.D., a Unitarian clergj'- man, was born at Charlestown, IMass., in 1731, and grad- uated from Harvard College in 1750, where he was a tutor from 1755 to 1758. He began to preach in the North Parish in Andover, and was ordained its pastor Nov. 1, 1758, and continued in that relation until his death, May, 1807. Dr. Symmes was a good scholar, of extensive reading, and an able divine. He published. Thanksgiving Sermon (1768): — iHscourse on the Duty and Advantages of Singing Praises to God (1779): — Sermon at the General Election (1785). See Sprague, Annals of tin- Anur. Pulpit, viri. 35.
Symmes, Zachariah, a Congregational preacher, was born at Canterbury, England, April 5, 1599. He was educated at Cambridge, auil after leaving the uni- versity was employed as tutor in several distinguished families. In 1621 he was appointed lecturer at Atho- lines, in London, and in September, 1625, he became rector of Dtmstable. Embarrassed by his Nonconform- ity, he emigrated to New England, where he arrived In
August, 1634. He was admitted to the fellowship of the Church in Charlestown, Jlass., Dec. (i. and on the 22d of the same month was elected and ordained teacher of the same Church, Rev. Thomas James being pastor. -\bout a year afterwards lie succeeded to the office of pastor, which he filled until his death, Feb. 4, 1671. See Sprague, ^1 nnals of the A mer. Pulpit, i, 47.
Sympathy (tnipTra^Ha, fellow-feeling) is the qual- ity i>f being .•itl'fcted by another's affection. It was orig- inally used, like i)ity and compassion, to signify our fel- low-feeling with the sorrows of others, but now it is used to denote our fellow-feeling with any passion what- ever. Sympathy with sorrow or suffering is compassion, with joy or prosperity is congratulation.
Symphony (nv^Kpiovia) originally signified the union of several voices in a chant, but by modern mu- sicians it is applied to an instrimiental composition, gen- erally used as a kind of introductory movement to an- thems and other pieces. Symphonies are introduced with good effect in the interval of the voices, and are csdled p7-eludes when played before the psalmody, inter- ludes when they mark the distinction of verses, and post-hides when introduced at the close of the psalm.
Symphoriauus, a Gallic martyr at Autun in the reign of Aurclian. He was cited before the prefect Heraclius because he had refused to honor the statue of Berecynthia, and rejected the influence of appeals and scourgings. His mother supported him with her exhortations to fidelity. He was IJchcaded without the town walls and buried in a cell in the fields. His grave became so remarkable for cures and miracles that it compelled the reverence even of the heathen. The narrative in the Acta Beuti Symph., as here outlined, seems to involve something of fact. The worship of Berecynthia among the /Edui is a historical fact. Greg- ory of Tours mentions Symphoriauus and the miracles wrought by his relics {De Gloria Mart. c. 52). Later tradition says that a church was, in time, built over his grave. The story cannot, however, date further back than the days of Gregory, as is evident from the chos- en and even pompous language and the legendary con- clusion. The death of Sympliorianus is variously fixed in A.D. 180 (the reign of Aurelius), 270, or 280 ( Aurelian). He is commemorated on Aug. 22. See the .4c/a SS. s. V. — Herzog, Real-Encyklop. s. v.