35. mso, Makkoth, or stripes, in three chapters, treats of corporal punishments: a. W1l"n "t^'^D, in what cases false witnesses are inflicted with the stripes, and of the mode of procedure against false witnesses in general (10 sections), b. 'n IPX, of unintentional murders, and the cities of refuge (8 sections), c. "in 15X1, of criminals deserving the stripes ; how they should be inflicted ; why forty save one (?) ; of stopping in case the delinquent is regarded as too weali ; that such as have suffered this penalty are free from the punishment of extermination ; of the reward of those who keep the law; why so many laws were given to Israel (16 sections).
36. n"13113, Shcbuoth, or oaths, in eight chapters: a. D^ri'J ri3'13113, of different kinds wherein a i)ei>on is conscious or unconscious of having touched anything uu- clean (because it is treated under the head of oaths. Lev. V, 2); of the atonement through sacrifices; w'hat sins were atoned by the different kinds of sacrifices (7 sections), b. Vi'iVI'', how far the sanctity of the conrt of the Temple reaches (5 sections), c. niS'in'S, of forswearing, its kinds and degrees (11 sections), d. miTt r"'3"U, of the oath of witnesses; of blasphemy and cursing (13 sections), e. "llpSn n^l-T, of the oath mentioned in Lev. vi, 3, and of the perjurer (5 sections). /. ')'^3"iTn r"13f , of the oath demanded by the court, when it must be taken or not, and what ought to be testified (7 sections), g. ')'^"2'l!.'2n PD, of such oaths as are for the benefit of him that swears (8 sections), h. 'pITIlT n"3"lX, of the different watchmen who must be security for goods ; liow far it goes; in what cases they must replace it or swear; what in case they lied (6 sections).
37. ri'^ny, Edaijoth, or testimonies, in eight chapters. It is so called because it consists of laws which tried and trustworthy teachers attested to have been adopted by the elder teachers, in Sauhedrim assembled: a. "^XIST, enact-
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meiits in which the other sages deviate from the schools of Shaniniai and llillel, or wliereiii the school of Ilillel is followed, or wherein the school of Hillel has siiveii way to that of Shammai (14 sections), b. H2''in i^l, enactments of different rabbins, especially of H. Ishmael and R. Akiba oil mostly unimportant things (10 sections), c ""Cll P3 "i^XTaU, enactments of K. Uos.i on divers defilements (12 sections), d. D'^1-1 ^3X, laws in which the school of Shammai is more lenient than that of Hillel (12 sections). e. il'^Ml'^ ''^"l. laws which R. Akiba would not take back (7 secti(ms). /. '3 il'^^^n'^ "^m, of different kinds of de- filement on which disputes have taken phice with R. Eli- ezer (3 sections), jr and /*. "^'■.ri'^ "I T^S'll, of some mi- nor points which cannot be brought under one common nomenclature ; at the end we read that Elijah the Prophet will finally determine all disputed points of the sages and will bring peace (9 and 7 sections).
38. rilT n^Il^y, Abodah Zarah, or idolatry, in five chap- ters. This treatise is wanting in the Basle edition of 157S, because severe reflections upon Jesus Christ and his fol- lowers were found therein by the censor: a. "(iT^T^X "^325, what must be observed concerning idolatrous feasts, and of things not to be sold to idolaters (9 sections). 6. "pN "pl^TSS'lS, of divers forbidden occasions which tend to- wards a near relation vi'ith idolaters ; of the use that can be made of their goods, especially eatables (7 sections), c. D^^b^il 52, of idols, temples, altars, and groves (10 sections), d. bxS'ww"^ "^3^, of what belongs to an idol, and of desecrating an idol ; prohibition of wine of liba- tion, and of every wine which was only touched by a heathen, because even the slightest libation could have made it sacrificial wine (12 sections), e. ~3T»l"n, contin- uation of things with which wine could have been mixed up; how to cleanse utensils bought of a heathen for eat- ing purposes (12 sections).
89. mnX, Aboth, or maS ''p"IS, Pirkey Aboth, con- tains the ethical maxims of the fathers of the Mishna. It is impossible to give an analysis of the six chapters, because they all contain maxims without any chronolog- ical order. This treatise speaks of the oral law, its traus- niissiou, names of the "receivers," and contains maxims, apothegms, and the wisdom of the wise. The first chap- ter has IS, the second 16, the third 18, the fourth 22, the fifth 23, and the sixth 10 sections. A more detailed account of it has been given in the art. Pikkk Abotu (q. v.).
40. HT'Tin, Horayoth, or decisions, in three chapters, treats of the manner of pronouncing sentences and other matters relating to judges and their functions, but which, though erroneous, still were observed, and for which a sin-offering was to be brought according to Lev. iv, 13 : a. 1"l'il, in what cases and under what circumstances such ofterings were to be brought by the congregation or not (5 sections), b. 'ilZ n"lin, of the sin-offering of an anoint- ed priest and prince (7 sections), c. JT^'J^ "(i^^, who is meant by an anointed priest and prince ; of the difterence between an anointed priest and one only invested with the priesthood : of the prerogatives of a high-priest be- fore a common priest ; of the male sex before the female ; finally, of the order of precedence among those who pro- fess the Jewish religion, that a learned precedes an un- learned (S sections).