TATIANI EVANGELIUM
224
TAULER
snron, of which Hic Jacobite bishop Bar-Salibi (12th century 1 reports that Eptiracni Syrus (ij. v.) wrote a coninu'iitary on it, anil Theoiloret the giiiealoirical ta- bles anil all the passages by which the Lord's descent from David is made ap|)arent. The Onilio <id Uni-c. was lirst published at Tigur. lo4lt. fol., and afterwards often. See Daniel. Tatianiis, ilir .!/)(;%</. ( Halle. 1837); Mchler. l\tlml,i;ii, : Hitler, Csch.d. rlui.<ll. J'/iUo.io/i/iU', vol. i; Dorner, /'</■.<«)« ('/iriKti,i,-i'SS; 'SlnWvr, Kosmo/oi/it (/. ijfiicli. Kirche, p. 108 S(i. ; Stiickl, Ci)'.ir/i. d. I'liUos. in d. jnitruit. Zeit, p. 148 stj. ; 1 1 iiber, P/iilos. d. Kiir/u'in-dlvr, J). 20 sq. ; Duneker. Apoht'iit. Secund. iSifc. de Kasentiiil. XtituriF Hum. I'tirlibiis I'liicita (Gott. 1850), pt. ii ; and Ilerzog, liiiil-EmjiUiip. s. v. For monographs, see Vol- bedintf. Judex I'nujrdmmiilum, \\ 104.
Tatiaiii Evangelium. Kpiphanins (f/ari.t. xlvi, 1 ; xlvii.l) mentions a (iospel (.f Tatian as beini: nsed by the Kncratites, and even among the Cailiolic Christians of Syria. Being compiled from the four gospels, it is also called tvnyytX. cut Ttntrapwi' (Theodoret. Ila-rct. Fidwl. i, 20; CoU. Amhros. Proaem. in Lite: Euseb. //isf. Eccl. iv, 20). Epiphanius erroneously identified it with the Erdnfjelium .i(C. Ikhnvvs (see Fabric, i, 377). See Semisch. Tutinui liiitttssaron, Antiqnitsimmn .V. T. KrinKjdinnnn in iiniiin nii/eslonini ISjxcimen (Breslau, 185t)). Tatian is otherwise also censured as being a dangerous cimipilator and falsifier of Holy Writ (Fabric, ii, 538). The still extant gospel harmony (reprinted in Orlhodnroriniphig and Bihl. Patruin, s. v. Tatian), as- cribed to Tatian by Victor Capuanus in Pnrfdt. ad A no- iiyuii lliirnniniam Kran'/f/iaini, does not belong to him. See Fabricius, Codex Ajmcri/phus A'. 7'. i, 378; ii, 510. (B. P.)
Tatianists, followers of Tatian (q. v.). See also Enciiaii ri:s.
Tat'nai (Ileb. Tutnay', ""irp ; Pers., perhaps /y//]' ,- Sept. Hnr^ai'oi v. r. Qavavai, Ooj-raj'of, etc.; Vulg. Th(tlh<nHii). a Persian governor (nn2, i.d.jnisha') who succeeded Kelium in the rule of Samaria, and probably of other provinces north of ,Inda;a, in the time of Da- rius Hystaspis and Zerubbabel (Ezra v, 3, 6 ; vi, (>, 13), B.C. 520. He appears to have been a more just person, and more friendly to the Jews, than his predecessor. An adverse report of their proceedings at Jerusalem reached him; but he resolved to suspend his judgment till he had examined into the matter on the spot. He accordingly repaired thither, aceomjianied by another great olHcer, named Shetliar-boznai (i). v.). and their colleagues, and, (inding that the Jews alleged the au- thority of a royal decree for their proceedings, he sent to the supreme government a temperate and fair report, founded on the information he had obtained, suggesting that the statement made by the Jews as to the decree of Cyrus and other matters should be verilied by refer- ence to the archives at P>al)ylon. Then, without one word to intluence the decision or to prejutlice the claim advanced, Tatnai concludes with intimating that he awaits the royal orders. This oflicial letter of the Per- sian governor is quite a model of exactness, moderation, and truth, and gives a very favorable idea of the ad- ministrative part of t)ie Persian government. The re- script being lavoraide to tlie claim of the .lews, whose statement had been verilied by the discovery of the original decree of Cyrus, Tatnai and his colleagues ap- plied themselves with vigor to the execution of the royal commands. — Kitto. See Ezka.
Tattam, Hexrv. a learned English divine, was born in Ireland. Dec. 28. 1788; and was educated at Trinity College, Dublin, and at the universities of Gcittingen and Leydeil, where he received his doctorate in laws, theology, and (ihiloso]ihy. He took orders in the Church of England; was rector of St. Cuthbert's, Bed- ford, 1818-45 ; an<l for a portion of that time was rector also of (ireat Woolstone, Bucks. In 1845 he became archdeacon of Bedford, and in 1849 rector of Stamford
Kivers, Essex. lie was afterwards chaplain in ordinary to the queen. He died at Stamford liivers, Jan. 8, 18G8. Travelling in the East, he laid the foundation of an in- timate knowledge of Oriental languages, and became the chief modern authority concerning the Cojitic. He discovered at the Convent of Nitria, in the N.W. desert of Egypt, a splendid collection of ancient Syriac IMSS., which he secured for the British IMusenm. He is the author of Helps to Deroiion (2d ed. Lond. 1862, 12mo) : — Compendious Grammar of the Egi/ptian Lanijuage (1828. 8 vo): — Lexicon yl''.g;iptiaco-l.atinum ex Veteribus Lhnjmt Ali/yptiacoi Monumenti.t, etc. (Oxon. 1835, 8vo) : — Ihiodecim Pi-oplielarum Minorum lAbros, in Linf/ua ^'Er/i/pli(ica, vidf/o Coptica sen Memphitica, etc. fLatine ediiiit ; Lat. et Copt. 183G, 8vo) -.—Defence of the Chinch of Kntiland lu/ainst the A tiacks of a Roman Catholic (Lond. 1843, 12mo) : — The Ancient Coptic Version of the Book of Job the Just (transl. into English and eilited, 1847, 8vo): — Apostolical Constitutions in Coptic (Engl. transl. 1849, 8vo): — Pi-ophetce 3/aJo7-es in Dialecio Lin- guce yEfiyptiacee (Oxon. 1852, 2 vols. 8vo). See ^Vlli- bone, Diet, of Brit, and Amer. A uthors, s. v.
Tau Cross is a cross formed like the Greek letter T (Tan), and one of the most ancient forms. See Staff, Pastohal.
Tauler (original form Tauweler), Johannes, the famous Dominican preacher and mystic, was born at Strasburg in A.D. 1290 — though authorities differ with respect to both time and place. He was of honorable family and early devoted to the pricsth' office. In (about) 1308 he became a monk and went to Paris, to the College of St. James, to study theology. He found greater pleasure in the study of the writings of the Areopagite St. Bernard, an<l the two Victors, and espe- cially of Augustine, than in the popular philosophy; his attention was also given to the Neo-Platonists, and, among schoolmen, to Aquinas with respect to ethics. On his return to Strasburg, Tauler came under the influence of Master Eckart, and also of a more simple and iiractical company of mystical thinkers among the monks, iiichidiug Nicholas of Strasburg and others. He became a preacher, and associated himself with the Friends of God — a society formed to teach and comfort the people upon whom rested the ban of the Church imposed by po])e John XXII; and in this society he laboreil all his life. His sermons Avere clear and adapt- ed to the popular needs, but not, it would seem, at this time pervaded by the power of a personal union of the preacher with Christ. In 1340 occurred an event of decisive importance to Tauler. He was then visited by Nicholas of Basle ((). v.), and by him led to realize his need of a personal conversion to God. During two years, in which he refrained from preaching and became an object of ridicule to his fellow-monks, who were una- ble to understand the reason for such siruggles as he was passing througli, did he wrestle with his sense of sin and his need of pardon. Finding peace at length, he jiassed tlirough further discipline by reason of a dis- graceful failure in an attempt to iireach ; but from that time he preached persistently, and with a power not previously possessed. Wicked clergymen were unable tocndurcthe faithful rebukes with which he visited their sins, and they prohibited him from preaching; but the magistracy prevented the enforcement of their order. Under the preacliing of the lirst sermon after his con- version a number of persons fell down as dead, and he was besought to discontinue the sermon. He was one of the few who refused to cease from preaching to the people in obedience to the papal interdict, and braved the anger of his immediate superiors in the execution of that duty. In 1348 the " black death" swept over Strasburg, carrying off sixteen thousand victims, and adding to the horrors of the situation. Only Taider and two other monks had pity upon the people, and they appealed in writings (whose circulation was at once prohibited) to the other clergy to do what they