The accounts given by Eusebius and Jerome of Te- man are not consistent. They describe it as a region of the rulers of Edom in the land ofGebalitis; and they further state that there is a village of that name fifteen (Jerome has Jire) miles from Petra. But in another notice they appear to distinguish this Teman from one in Arabia {Onomasf. s. v. "Tiieman"). On the map in Burckhardt's Travels in Syria, Theman is identified with the modern village of Maan, east of Petra; but for this there seems to be no authority (AViner, Biblisches Real- worterb. s.v. "Theman." See Porter, Handboojcfor Sgr. and Pal. p. 58). — Kitto. The occupation of the country by the Nabatha^ans seems to have obliterated almost all of the traces (always obscure) of the migratory tribes of the desert. See Edoji.
Te'mani (Gen. xxxvi, 34) or Te'manite (Heb. Teymani', '^3'0'^r) ; Sept. Qaifiavi or QaiixavirriQ) is the title (1 Chron. i, 45; Job ii, 11 sq.) of a descendant of Teman or an inhabitant of that land. See Temax.
Tem'eni [some Te'meni or Teine'ni\ (Heb. Teyme- ni', '^3'2^ri, Temanite [Gesen.] or fortunate [Flirst] ; Sept. 9ni//rt)', Vulg. Thenumi), second-named of the four sons of Ashur (q. v.), the " father" of Tekoa by his wife Naa- rah(l Chron. iv,6). B.C. cir. 1618.
Temneh (or Tinineh) Version. Temneh is the language spoken in the Kuiah countrv, near Sierra Le- one, in West Africa. At present there exists a transla-
TEMPEIl
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TEMPERANCE PtEFORM
tion of the New Test., Genesis, ami I'salms. The Gos- pel of St. Matthew, traiislateil hy the \\('v. C. F. Sclilen- ker, was printed only in IfStK!, ttio other parts now puh- lished havinsi been added since that time. Comp. Be- porls of the British antl Foreign Bible Society. (B. P.)
Temper, the disposition of the mind, the sum of our ineluiations and tendencies, whether natural or ac- quired. The word is seldom used by good writers with- out an epithet, as a (/ood or a bad temper. Tcmj)er must be distinguished from passion. The passions are quick ami strong emotions, which by degrees subside. Temper is the disposition which remains after these emotions are past, and which forms the habitual pro- pensity of the soul. See Evans, Practical Discourses on the Christian Temper; and the various articles Forti- tude, Humility, Lo\'e, PAXiiiNCE, etc.
Temperance (tyKpartia, self-restraint), that vir- tue which a man is said to possess who moderates and restrains iiis sensual appetite. It is often, however, used in a much more general sense, as synonymous with modr- ei-ation. and is then applied indiscriminately to all the passions. " Temperance," says Addison, " has those par- ticular advantages above all other means of health, that it may be practiced by all ranks and conditions at any season or in any place. It is a kind of regimen into which every man may put himself without interruption to business, expense of money, or loss of time. Physic, for the most part, is nothing else but the substitute of exercise or temperance." In order to obtain and prac- tice this virtue, we should consider it, 1. As a divine command (Phil, iv, 5; Luke xxi, 34; Prov. xxiii, 1-3); 2. As conducive to health ; 3. As advantageous to the powers of the mind; 4. As a defence against injustice, lust, imprudence, detraction, poverty, etc. ; 5. The ex- ample of Christ should be a most powerful stimulus to it.— Buck.
Temperance Reform. As an organized move- ment, tlip temperance refurmation is of very modern origin. For ages, indeed, wise men have deplored the miseries of the habit at whose extinction it aims; yet it is but recently that the enormous magnitude of those evils seems to have been fully apprehended, the true basis of reform recognised, and united and per- sistent effort made for the suppression of the gigantic mischief.
I. Tlie TIahit of Drunlcenness. — An interesting fact lies at the foundation of the hal)it of indulgence in in- toxicants. Man discovered, long ago, that his mental state is affected by the action of certain drugs, and that they have power, not only to lend increased enjoyment to social hours, but to lessen pain, cheer tlie desponding, and, for a brief period, lift even tlie despairing out of the depths. Thus Homer describes the effects of ne- penthe {Odyssey, bk. iv) :
"Meantime, with arenial joy to warm the sonl, Bright Helen mixed a mirth-inspiring bowl. Tempered with drugs of sovereijrn u?e, to assuage The boiling bosom of tumnlluoii>i rage; To clear the cloudy front of wrinkled Care, And dry the tearful sluices of Despair. Charmed with that potent dransrht, the exalted mind All sense of woe delivers to the'wiud. Thou:;h on the blazing pile his fatlier lay. Or a loved brother groaned his life away ; Or darling son, oppressed i)y niffi:in force, Fell breathless at his feet, n minisrled corse; From morn to eve, impassive and serene, The niau, entranced, would view the deatbful scene."
This is a true portrait, and fits our own times as accu- rately as it did those of Homer. This state, which we have been accustomed to characterize by the term in- toxication, or drunkenness, is in reality a combination of two effects, narcosis and exhilaration. Not only when the victim has become visibly drunk, but from the mo- ment when the dose begins its impression, the circida- tion loses force, the blood cools, physical strength de- clines, the nerves are less sensitive, mental acumen is dulled, and every power of mind aud body is lessened.