Temple, Danikl, a Congregational minister, was born at Keailing, INIass., Dec. 23, 1789. He was em- ployed in mechanical labors until he was twenty-one years old. In 1810 he was converted, and joined the Church. His attention was called to the missionary field by reading Buchanan's Reseca-ches, and he com- menced the work of preparation by entering Phillips Academy at Andover. He subseipiently entered Dart- mouth College, from which he graduated in 1817. His influence for good in college was great. He spent three years at the Andover Theological Seminary, and was licensed to preach at Billerica by the Andover associa- tion in August, 1820. After being employed one year in Massachusetts bv the American board, he was or- dained at the same time with the Rev. Isaac Bird at North Bridgewater, Oct. 3. 1821. After his marriage with ]\Iiss Rachel B. Dix, he sailed from Boston for Malta, .Ian. 2, 1822, carrying with him the first print- ing-press, which has since proved such a blessing to the peo])le of the Orient. His wife died in Malta in 1827. Two of his four children survive, and are now preach- ing the Gospel. He returned to America in 1830, and after remaining a short time, during which he married again, he went back to Malta, where he remained until 1833. when he left for Smyrna, taking with him the whole printing establishment. Though he first set up the press in Malta, its productions were for regions be- yond. The authorities ordered the press away from SmjTna, yet he retained it until he left the coast. He established schools there among the Greeks, but who- ever would see what he accomplished must go to Con- stantinople, Aintab, and elsewhere in that land. He continued his connection with the press until he left the mission, in 1844, and returned to America. After his return, he commenced preaching at Phelps, Ontario Co., N. Y., where his labors were greatly blessed. His acquaintance with the Scriptures was wonderful,*being familiar with every part of them. For some time be- fore his end he was not able to preach ; but in sickness and in health, in suffering as in labors, he glorified his Master until his death, which took place at Reading, Mass., Aug. 11, 1851. See Sprague, A nnals of the A me): Pulpit, ii, 077 sq. (W. P. S.)
Temporal, a term often used for secidar, in a dis- tinction from spiritual or ecclesiastical; likewise for anything belonging to time in contrast with eternity.
Temporal Power of the Popk is a phrase sus- ceptible of two meanings, which are very distinct from each other, and the confusion of which has led to fre- quent and serious misunderstanding.
I. In one of these senses it means the sovereign pow- er possessed by the pope as ruler of the Papal States, or States of the Chukch (q. v.), where the history of its origin, progress, and downfall is briefij' detailed. The question as to the necessity or utility of such a power vested in the hands of a spiritual ruler, and even its lawfulness and its compatibility with his spiritual duties, has been warmly debated. Tiiis controversy is not of entirely recent origin, for many of the mediteval sectaries urged the incompatibility of the spiritual with the temporal power in the same person, not only in re- lation to the pope, but also to the baron-bishops. Such were the doctrines of the Vaudois, of Pierre de Bruis, and esjiecially of Arnold of Brescia. In the centuries following, the antipapal controversies turned so entirely upon doctrine that there was little attention paid to this ! (luestion. It did not enter in any way into tlie conflict 1 of Galilean and Ultramontane principles. Even Bossuet
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not only admitted the lawfulness of the pope's temporal sovereignty, but contended that it was in some sense necessary to the free exercise of his spiritual power. The controversy onl>' assumed any practical interest during the conflict between I'ius YII and Napoleon I, the design of the latter of annexing papal territory to France being one of the main causes of dispute. No formal and authoritative judgment of the Roman Church has been pronounced regarding the question of tempo- ral power, but a strong and almost unanimous expres- sion of opinion was tendered to the late pope, Pius IX, in the form of letters and addresses from bishops and others in every part of Catholic Christendom. Thej' profess that the possession of temporal power is no es- sential part of the privileges of the successor of Pe- ter, but they regard it as the means providentially es- tablished for the protection of the spiritual independence of the pope and the free exercise of his functions as spir- itual ruler of the Church.
II. By the second signification of the phrase "tem- poral power of the pope" is understood what would more properly be called the claim of the pope, in virtue of his office, to a power over the temporalities of other kings and states. This power may be of two kinds : 1. IJirec- tire, or the power, as supreme moral teacher, to instruct all members of his Church, whether subjects or sov- ereigns, in the moral duties of their several states. 2. Coercive. If the power be regarded as coercive, it is necessary to distinguish the nature of the coercion which may be employed. Coercion may either consist in the threat or infliction of pujx'ly spiritual censiwes, or it may involve temporal consequences, such as suspen- sion or deprivation from office, forfeiture of the alle- giance of subjects, and even liability to the punishment of death. In the former sense it may be regarded as the natural consequence of the sjiiritual headship of the Church, which is acknowledged by all Catholics. But the claim to authority over the temporalities of kings lias gone far beyond these limits. From the 10th cen- tury popes have claimed and repeatedly exercised a power of coercing kings, and have punished them when refractory by suspension, by deprivation, and by the transfer of the allegiance of their subjects. This claim has been a subject of controversy between the Galilean and Ultramontane schools, and in the latter two theories have been devised for its explanation. The first and most extreme supposes that this power was given di- rectly by God to Peter and his successors; that the two powers are foreshown bj' the "two swords" (Luke xxii, 38) ; and that the temporal power is a privilege of the primacy by divine law equally with the spiritual sover- eignty itself. The second, or indirect, theory holds that the temporal power is not directly of divine institution, but is an indirect though necessary consequence of the spiritual supremacy, and is only given as a means of completing and, in a corrupt and disorganized state, rendering more efficacious the work which the sy>iritual supremacy is directly instituted to accomplish. In this latter form the theory of the temporal power was de- fended by cardinal Bellarmine, and the celebrated dec- laration of the Galilean clergy in 18G2 was directed against it.