VII. Turgum. — The treatment of the ten command- ments in the Targum of Jonathan ben-Uzziel is not without interest. There, as noticed above, the first and second commandments are united to make up the sec- ond, and the words " I am the Lord thy God," etc., are given as the first. iMore remarkable is the addition of a distinct reason for the last five commandments no less than for the first five. "Thou shalt commit no mur- der, for because of the sins of murderers the sword goeth forth upon the world." So, in like manner and with the same formula, "death goeth forth upon the world" as the punishment of adultery; famine as that of theft; drought as that of false witness; invasion, plunder, captivity, as those of covetousness (Walton, Bill. Poly- [/lott.). See TARGt:M.
VIII. Talmud. — The absence of any distinct reference to the ten commandments as such in the Pi)-ke Aboth, ( = Maxims of the Fathers) is both strange and signifi- cant. One chapter (ch. v) is expressly given to an enumeration of all the scriptural facts which may be grouped in decades — the ten words of Creation, the ten generations from Adam to Noah and from Noah to Abra- ham, the ten trials of Abraham, the ten plagues of Egypt, and the like ; but the ten divine words find no place in the list. With all their ostentation of profound rever- ence for the law, the teaching of the rabbins turned on other points than the great laws of duty. In this way, as in others, they made void the commandments of God that they might keep their own traditions. Comji. Stanley, .Jewish Church, lect. vii, in illustration of man}'- of the points here noticed. — Smith. See Talmud.
IX. Economical Importimce. — The giving of the teii
Analysis of the Moeat, Law. To Superiors. To Equals.
1. Polytheism. =
2. Idolatry. =
3. Profanity.
4. Sabbath-breakina
5. Filial Impiety. =
6. Murder. T. Aduliery.
\/ S. Theft A 9.
Perjni-y. 10. Covetousness.
! Capital.
\ Criminal. Hateful.
Sacred.
Secular.
commandments marks an a;ra in the history of God's dis- pensations. Of the whole law this was both the first portion to be communicated, and the basis of all that fol- lowed. Various things attested this superiority. It was spoken directly by the Lord himself — not communi- cated, like other parts of the old economy, through the ministration of Closes — and spoken amid the most im- pressive signs of his glorious presence and majesty. Not only were the ten commandments thus spoken by God, but the further mark of relative importance was put upon them of being written on tables of stone — written by the verj' finger of God. They were thus elevated to a place above all the statutes and ordinances that were made known through the mediator of the old covenant; and the place then given them they were also destined to hold in the future; for the rocky tablets on which
TENEBR^
275
TENNENT
they were engraved undoubtedly imaged an abiding validity and importance. It was an emblem of relative perpetuity. The very number of words, or utterances, in wliich tliey were comprised, ten, bespoke the same thing; for in the significancy that in ancient times was ascribed to certain numbers, ten was universally regard- ed as the symbol of completeness (Spencer, De Leg. Heb, 1, iii; Biihr, ,'^i/mbolil; i, 175). See Dkcai.ogue.
Tenebrae (dai'knegs'), an office for the Wednesday, Thursday, and Friday of Holy Week, commemorating the sufferings and death of our Blessed Saviour. The name of the office has been traced to the fact that it was formerlj- celebrated at midnight, as an allusion to Christ walking no more openh^ with the Jews, as Cran- mer says. Others suggest that it is derived from the gradual extinction of lights, which originally were put out one by one as the morning began to grow clear; or in symbol of grief and mourning; or, as Beleth suggests, of the eclipse of three hours at the Passion. The num- ber of lights varied. In some churches there was a candle corresponding to each psalm and lesson of the office. Thus we find seven, nine, twelve, fifteen, twen- ty-four, twenty-five at York, thirty, seventy-two, or even as many as each person thought tit to bring. These were extinguished sometimes at once, or at two or three intervals. In some places they were quenched with a moist sponge, and in others with a hand of wax to represent .Judas. St. Gregory of Tours sa\-s that on the night of Good-Friday the watchings were kept in darkness until the third hour, when a small light ap- peared above the altar. Cranmer explains that the Lam- entations of Jeremiah were read in memorj' of the Jews seeking our Lord's life at this time. The Reproaches and Trisagion were not sung until the 14th century on Good-Friday. — Westcott, Sacred A ickcEol. s. v.
Tenison, Thomas, a learned English prelate, was born at Cottenham, Cambridgeshire, Sept. 29, ItiSG; and receiving his primary education at the free school at Norwich, entered Corpus Christi College, Cambridge, where he graduated in Lent term, 1656-7. He began to study medicine, but on the eve of the Restoration decided upon the theological profession, and was or- dained privately at Richmond in Surrej' by the bishop of Salisbury. Being admitted fellow of his college March 24, 1662, he became tutor, and in 1665 was chosen one of the university preachers, and about the same time was presented to the cure of St. Andrew the Great in Cambridge. In 1667 he received the rectory of Holywell and Nedingworth, Huntingdonshire, from the earl of Manchester, and in 1674 was chosen principal minister to the Church of St. Peter's Mancroft, Nor- wich. In 1680 he took the degree of D.D., and in Oc- tober of the same year was presented by Charles II. be- ing then a royal chaplain, to the vicarage of St. Mar- tin's-in-the-P'ields, London. Immediateh- after the Rev- olution he was promoted to be archdeacon of London ; was consecrated bishop of Lincoln, Jan. 10, 1692; and was raised to the archbishopric of Canterbury in 1694. In 1700 he was appointed one of a committee to recom- mend to the king proper persons for all ecclesiastical preferments in his gift above the value of 1)20 per an- num. He attended his majesty during his last illness, and crowned queen Anne. He was, in April, 1706, made first commissioner in the treaty of union between Eng- land and Scotland ; and afterwards crowned George I. His death occurred at Lambeth Palace Dec. 14, 1715. By his will he bequeathed large sums to charitable pur- poses, and proved a liberal benefactor to Benedict Col- lege, Cambridge, the library of St. Paul's Cathedral, the Society for the Promotion of the Gospel, Bromley Col- lege, etc. He published, The, Creed of Mr. (Thomas) Hobhes Examined (Lond. 1670, 18mo) : — Idolatry : a Dis- course (1678, 4to) : — Baconiana ; or Certain Genuine Re- mains of Lord Bacon {1^19, 8x0 \ 1674, 4to). See AUi- bone. Did. of Brit, and A mer. Authors, s. v. ; Chalmers, Biog. Diet. s. v.