For the literature and editions, see Niemeyer, Collec-
tio Confessionvm (Lips. 1840), p. 83 sq.; eomp. Baum, Capito und liucer ( Elberfeld, 18(;0), p. 48(! sq., .o95; Planck, Gesch. cl. })i'ot. Lehrbegrifs (2d ed. Leijis. 1796), III, i, 68 sq. — Herzog, Real-l'Jicyklop. s. v.
Te'tiarch (rfrprtpxi/c, from Terrapa, four, and dpx^f government) pro])erly denotes the governor of a province or district which was regarded as the fourth part of a larger province or kingdom, while the district itself was called a tetriirchy {Ttrpap\ia or TiTpa()ap-)(ja). The earliest use of tlie word which seems to have been discovered is in connection with the division of Thes- salv as originally constituted (Eurip. Alcest. 1154; Stra- bo, ix, 5) and as reconstructed in the time of Philip of Macedon ( Demosth. Phil, iii, 26), and of Galatia be- fore its conquest by the Romans, B.C. 189. The first of these countries was then divided into four parts, each of which was named a tetrarchy, and its ruler a tetrarch, subordinate to the tagus (Thirlwall, Hist, of Greece, vi, 13 sq.). The second was divided into three section.s, each of which was again subdivided into four smaller ones, to which and to their governors the same terms were applied (Fischeri Prolusiones, p. 428, note); and these were ultimately fused into one t-Kap')(ja under Deiotarus, cir. B.C. 54 (Strabo, 506; Plutarch, De V. M. [ed. Wytt], vol. ii). In the later days of the Roman, republic, and during the empire, the etymological mean- ing was almost entirely lost sight of, and it was applied, like "ethnarch" and " phylarch," to the pettj' tributa- ries, " the creatures of a proconsid's breath, and the pup-, pets of his caprice" (Merivale, //(*•/. of the Rom. iv, 167),. whose importance did not warrant their receiving tlie title of " king" (see Sallust, Catil. xx, 7; Cicero, Milo, xxviii, 76; \'atin, xii, 29; Horace, Sat, i, 3, 12; Veil. Pat. ii, 51 ; Tacitus, Ann. xv, 25). It is in this second- ary sense that in all probability the word is used in the New Test, of the tetrarchs of Syria, the heirs and suc- cessors of Herod the (ireat. Niebuhr (f/ist. of Rome, ii, 135) compares them to the zemindam of Bengal after their recognition by lord Cornwallis (179U93) as pro- prietors of the soil, and enjoying some amount of sover- eign rights within the limits of their zemindary. The title of tetrarch was certainly given by Antony to Herod the Great in the early part ofhis career (B.C. 41 ) and his brother Phasael (Josephus, /l?^^ xiv, 13, 1), without ref- erence to territorial divisions; and though it appears that the tetrarchs Antipas and Philip did actually re- ceive a fourth part of their father's dominions, while Archelaus as "ethnarch" inherited half (ibid, xvii, 11, 4; War, ii, 6, 3), this correspondence of the name and the share may be considered accidental, or, at furthest, the exact use of the term in the New Test, must be confined to Antipas and Philip. — Kitto.
In the New Test, we meet with the designation, either actual!)'' or in the form of its derivative re- Tpapx^ii', applied to three persons:
1. Herod Antipas (Matt, xiv, 1; Luke iii, 1. 19; ix, 7; Acts xiii, 1 ), who is commonly distinguished as " Herod the tetrarch," although the title of " king" is also assigned to him both by Matthew (xiv, 9) and by Mark (vi, 14, 22 sq.). Luke, as might be expected, in- variably adheres to the formal title which would be recognised by Gentile readers. This Herod is described' by the last-named evangelist (iii, 1) as '"tetrarch of Galilee;" but his dominions, which were bequeathed to him by his father, Herod tlie Great, embraced the dis- trict of Peroea beyond the Jordan (Josephus, Ant. xvii,- 8, 1): this bequest was confirmed by Augustus {War, ii, 6, 3). After the disgrace and banishment of Anti- pas, his tetrarchy was added by Caligula to the king- dom of Herod Agrippa I {Ant. xviii, 7, 2). See Hki{OI> Antipas.
2. Herod Philip (the son of Herod the (ireat and Cleopatra, 7iot the husband of Herodias), who is said by Luke (iii, 1) to have been "tetrarch of Itura;a and of the region of Trachonitis;" Josephus tells us that his father bequeathed to him Gaulonitis, Trachonitis, and Paneas {Ant. xvii, 8, 1), and that his father's bequest
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was confirmed by Augustus, who assii^ned to liim Bata- iia;a, Traohonitis, ami Auraiiitis, with certain parts about Jamiiia belonging to tlie'' house of Zcnodorns" {Wa/; ii. 6, 3). Accordingly, the territories of Philip extended eastward from tlie Jordan to the wilderness, and from the borders of I'era-a northward to Lebanon and the neighborhood of Damascus, After the death of Philip his tetrarchy was added to the province of Syria by Ti- berius (Ant. xviii, 4, ti), and snbse(|uently cituferred by Caligula on Ileroil Agrippa I, with the title of king {ibiil. xviii. (>, 10). See lIi;i{Oi) Agijii'i-a I; Iliittoi) Pini.ii' I. 3. Lvsanias, who is said (Luke iii, 1) to have been '• tetrarch of Abilene," a small district surrounding the town of Abila, in the fertile valley of the Barada or Chrysurrhoas, between Damascus and tlie mountain- range of Autilibanus. See Anii.KXK. There is some ditKcnlty in lixing the limits of this tetrarchy, and in identilying the person of tlie tetrarch. See Lvsanias. We learn, however, from Jose|)lius (Anf. xviii, 6, 10; xix, 5, 1) that a Lvsanias had been tetrarch of Abila be- fore the time of Caligula, who added this tetrarchy to the dominions of ilerod Agrippa I — an addition which was conlirmcil by the emperor Claudius. — Smith.