Thaddaei EvangeHiini, mentioned in iheDecret. adasii de Libris Apor/ypkis (in Jus Canomcum, xv, 3~). Unless there is an erroneous readin-;' for Matthew, it would either belong to the apostle Judas Thaddaius or to a Judas belonging to the seventy whom Thomas sent to Edessa to king Abgar (Eusebius, flist. Eccles. i, 13; see Fabricius, Codex Apocriiphiis, i, 13G, 379). Hut tradition does not determine whether Thaddauis who was sent to Abgar belonged to the twelve or the seventy, on which point Eusebius and Jerome dis- agree. See Eusebius, Hist. Eccles. (ed. Reading), p. 38, note 5, 6.
On the correspondence between Abgar and Jesus, see especially Hofmann, Leben Jesu nach den Ap)okrij- phen (Leips.'l85I), p. 307 sq. (B. P.)
Thaddae'us {Qac^aloc, ; Vulg. Thaddceiis'), a name ill ]\Lark's catalogue of the twelve apostles (iii, 18) in the great majority of MSS. In JLatthew's catalogue (x, 3) the corresponding place is assigned to BaSSaiog by the Vatican MS. (B), and the Sinaitic (S), and to A£f3/3a(oc by the Codex Bezie (D); while the re- ceived text, following the first correction of the Codex Ephraemi (C) — where the original reading is doubtful — as well as many fragmentary uncial and several cur- sive j\ISS., reads At^3fialo£ u tTriK\)]^dg OaSC'aioQ. We are probably to infer that YVe/3/ia(0C alone is the original reading of Matt, x, 3, and OalSalog of Mark iii, 18 (so Tischendorf; but Tregelles has QaSSaiog in both passages). By these two evangelists the tenth place among the apostles is given to Lebbieus or Thad- (iiPus, the eleventh place being given to Simon the Canaanite. Luke, in both his catalogues (vi, 15; Acts i, 13), places Simon Zelotes tentii among the apostles, and assigns the eleventh place to 'lovCaQ 'loKiojiov. As the other names recorded by Lid^e are identical with those which appear (thougii in a different order) in the first two gospels, it seems scarcely possible to doubt that the three names of Judas, Lebbieus, and Thadd;iens were borne by one and the same person. — Smith. See JiDi;; Lebis-eus; Thadd.ei Acta and Evangelium.
Tha'hash (Heb. Tach'ash, irnpl, hadr/er [q. v.]; Sept. To\;oc ; Josephiis, Tavaoc, A nt. i, 6, 5 ; Vnlg. Tha- has), third named of the four sons of Nahor Ijv his con- cubine lleumah (Gen. xxii, 24). B.C. cir. 2050.
Thalemann, Christopii Wiliiki.m, a Lutheran divine, was born in 1727 at Weberstiidt, in Thuringia, and died, as doctor and professor of theology, at Leipsic, March 10, 1778. He wrote, Tractatus de Nube super A rrii Fcrderis Commenio .ludaicn (Lips. 1752) : — Tracia- tiis de rhiloiii< et Josejihi A uctoritate in f/isturia Rititum
SacroT-um (ibid. 1771) : — De Sensu Veri et Falsi in Inter' pretatioiie lAbrorum Sacroruin (ibid. 1775): — Dissertatio lie Eruditione Paiili Apostidi .ludaica mm (Iro'ca (ibid. 17G9) : — Veisio Latiiiu Eranfjeliorum Matih., Lnc, et Juh., itemqne Act. A pp., edita a K.Ch.Tittmann (Berlin, 1780). See Flirst, Bibl. ,Iud. iii, 419 ; Winer, llandbuch der theol. Literatur, i, 138, 1G5, 5G9, 896 ; ii, 799. (B. P.)
Thales, a celebrated Greek philosopher, and the first of the seven wise men of Greece, was born at Miletus about B.C. 640. After acquiring the usual learning of his own country, he travelled into Egypt and several parts of Asia to learn astronomy, geometry, mystical divinity, natural knowledge, or philosophy, etc. Returning to his own country, he communicated the knowledge he had acquired to many disciples, among the principal of whotn were Anaximander, Anaximenes, and Pythagoras. He was the founder of the Ionian sect of philosophers. Laertes and several other writers agree that he was the father of the Greek philosophy, being the first that made any researciies into natural science and mathematics. His doctrine is that water is the principle of which all the bod- ies in the universe are composed ; that tiie world is the work of God ; and that God sees the inost secret thoughts in the heart of man. He taught that in order to live well we ought to abstain from what we find fault with in others; that bodily felicity consists in health; and that of the mind in knowledge. Tliat the most ancient of beings is (iod, because he is uncre- ated; that nothing is more beautifid than the world, because it is the work of God ; nothing more extensive than space, quicker than spirit, stronger than necessity, wiser than time. He used to observe that we ought never to sa}' that to any one which max be turned to our prejudice; and that we should live with our friends as with persons that may become our enemies. In ge- ometry Thales was a considerable inventor as well as an improver; while in astronomy his knowledge and improvements were very considerable. His morals were as just as his mathematics well-grounded, and his judgment in civil affairs equal to either. He died about B.C. 550. Concerning his writings, it remains doubtful whether he left any behind him ; at least, none have come down to us. See Chalmers, Bioy. Diet. s. V. ; Smith, Diet, of Class. Biog. s. v.
Tha'mah (Heb. Te'mach, tTDP, in pause Ta'mach, JT'Cri, laiif/hter [Gesenius], or combat [Fiirst] ; Sept. 6£/t« ; Vulg. Thema), one of the Nethiuim whose " chil- dren" returned from Babylon with Zorubljabel (Ezra ii, 53 ; •' Tamah," Neh. vii, 55). ^.C. ante 536.
Tha'mar (INIatt. i, 3). See Tamar.