Besides the literature given in Fiirst, Bibl. Jud. iii, 420 sq., see also Davidson, Biblical Criticism, i, 217 sq. ; Keil, Introduction to the Old Test, ii, 232 sq. ; Geiger, Kachf/elassene ScJiriften (Berlin, 1877), iv, 87 ; Kaulen, Einleitunf) in die heil. Schrift (Freiburg, 1876), p. 78; Delitzsch, op. cit., p. 28 sq. ; Ginsburg, Commentary on Ecclesiastes (Lond. 1861), p. 497 sq. See Greek Ver- sions. (B. P.)
Tlieod'otiis (Geo^orof, G od- given = Johanan), one of the three messengers sent by Nicanor to Judas Maccabteus to negotiate peace (2 Mace, xiv, 19). B.C. cir. 162.
Theodotus the Fuller (6 crKurt i''t) was a leather- dresser who went from Byzantium to Rome about the end of the 2d century, and there taught Ebiouitish doc- trines; but the Komish bishop Victor is said to have excommunicated him from tlie Church. Theodotus maintained that Jesus, although born of the Virgin ac- cording to the will of the Father, was a mere man, and that at his baptism the higher Christ descended upon him. But this higher Christ Theodotus conceived as the Son of him who was at once the supreme God and Creator of the world, and not (with Cerinthus and other Gnostics) as the son of a deity superior to the God of the Jews. Epiphanius {fJmres. 54) associates him with the Aloji. He must not be confounded with another heretical Theodotus (o rpnTTf^iV^jc or npyi/pajUoi/Stif) who was connected with a party of the (jnostics, the ]\Ielchisedekites. See Neander, f/ist. of Christ. Church, i, 580 ; Ueberweg, Hist, of Philosophy, i, 308.
Theodromi (9£ot?pojuoi), a term applied to cou- riers in the early Church. It was their (hity to give private notice to every member where and when the Church assemblage was to be held (Baronius, Anal. 58, n. 108). See Bingham, Christ. Antiq. bk. viii, ch. vii, §15.
Theodulph, termed A iirelianensis, probably a Goth, was one of the men whom Charlemagne invited to France for the advancement of learning. He was in Gaul as early as 781, and in his classical tendency resem- bled Alcuin, whose commendation he received. He was, in fact, one of the foremost representatives of the pe- culiar renaissance poetry called into being by Charle- magne's forcible promotion of culture. His poems are uot without value to an understanding of the social con-
ditions of his time. As a theological writer he is less important, his works being limited to tracts — De Ordine Bujidsini, De Spiritu Sancto — fragments of sermons, and Capitula addressed to the presbyters of his parish. The Capitula reveal his care for his clergy, and espe- cially his concern for the establishing, by the clergy, of popular schools throughout the diocese. Charlemagne gave him tlie abbey of Fleury and the bishopric of Or- leans, and employed him in affairs of state. In 794 Theodulph was present at the Council of Frankfort. After the dcatli of Charlemagne, he appears to liave at first connected himself with the party of Louis the Pi- ous, but afterwards to have desired a more powerful ruler. The complaint laid against him at Aix-la-Cha- pelle accused him of conspiring with Bernard of Italy, and he was im[)risoned in the monastery of Angers. He was pardoned bj' Louis, Ijut was soon afterwards snatched away by death, in 821.
Literature. — Hist. Lit. de la France, iv, 459; Tira- boschi, Storia della I^ett. Ital. Ill, ii, 196 ; Biihr, Gesch. d. rom. Lit. in Carol. Zeitalter (Carlsruhe, 1840), § 84, 35, 139 ; Guizot, Cours d'Uistoire Modeiiie, ii, 334, Brussels ed. ii, 334; id. Hist, de la Civilisation en France, ii, 197- 204. Theodulph's poems were collected by Sirmond (Paris, 1646, 8vo). Also in Bibl. Pair. Aj'ax. (Lugd. 1677), xiv, 28; and in Migne, Patrol. 105. See Herzog, Real-Encyklop. s. v.
Theodulus (or Theodorus), the name of three bishojis who at different times presided over the see of Valais in Switzerland.
1. Theodouus I was the first bishop of the Church of Valais. He was present at the Synod of Aquileia in 381, which condemned the Arian bishops Palladius and Secundianus, as directed by the command of the emperor (Jratian; and his zeal for orthodoxy was such that he refused to recognise Palladius as a Christian and priest. He was especially meritorious in enhanc- ing the welfare and glory of liis own Church, where he is said to have established orthodoxy on an assured basis, and to have discovered the relics of the Thebaic martyrs, in whose honor he subsequently built a church near where the Church of St. Maurice now stands. The influx of pilgrims to this cliurch caused him to devise an appropriate cult, and thereby to give occasion for the organization of a monaster)'. Theodorus also for- warded relics to Vitricius of Koucn and Martin of Tours, for which thanks are rendered by the former in his De Laudibus Sanctorum ; and he furnished Isaac, bishop of Geneva, with information respecting the discovery of the famous relics which became tlie basis of the leg- end written by Eucherius. Theodorus I thus appears to have been the actual apostle of the country, as he was its first consecrated bishop, and also the founder of the Church of Valais and of the cult which became its boast. His name appears in the oldest liturgical man- uscripts of the country, the very ancient Missale Sede- nwn, an ancient Martyroloyy preserved in the Castle of Valeria in Sion, and in the Martyrol. Gallic. His name occurs also among those of the ten bishops who wrote to pope Siricius from Milan in 390. After this he disappears, and is accordingly supposed to have died about 391. See the ancient Ada Cone.; S. Eucheri Passio Agaunesium ^[artyr.; ancient martyrologies ; Vita Theodul. Ejnsc. in the Bollandists, ad Aug. 16, iii, 278-280. — Herzog, Real-Encyklop. s. v.