Thorn ■well, James Henuy, D,D., an eminent Pres- byterian divine and educator, was born in Marlborough District. S. C. Dec. 9, 1812. He received a good com- mon-school training; prepared for college at theCheraw Academy, S. C. ; graduated at South Carolina College in 1831 ; and subsequently studied at Harvard University and in Europe. After some attention to the law. he de- voted himself to theology, was licensed by Bethel Pres- bytery, and in 1834 was ordained and installed pastor of the Church at Lancaster Court-house. S. C. ; and soon after the churches of Waxhaw and Six Mile were added to his charge. This relation existed until 1837. when he was elected to the professorship of logic, belles-lettres, and criticism in the South Carolina College, to which metaphysics was soon added. In these departments he taught with uncommon ability and success. " In Amer- ica he fullv deserves the distinguished title which his
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admirers have long bestowed upon him of 'the Logi- cian.' " In 1840 he resigned his professorship, and was installed pastor of the Presbyterian Church at Colum- bia, S. C. ; ill 1841 became professor of sacred litera- ture and evidences of Christianity in South Carolina College; in 1851, pastor of the Glebe Street Church, Charleston, S. C. ; in 1852 accepted the presidency of South Carolina College; in 1856 was elected professor of theology in the Theological Seminary, Columbia, and also pastor of the First Presbyterian Church of that place, in which labors he continued until liis death, Aug. 1, 1861. Dr. Thornwell published, The Aryiiments of liomaiiists from the Infallibility of the Church and Tes- timony of the Fathers on behalf of the Apocrypha, Dis- cussed and Refuted, etc. (N. Y. 1845). This is an an- swer to a series of letters by the Kev. Dr. (afterwards bishop) Lynch on the inspiration of the Apocrypha. "As a refutation, this work of Mr. Thornwell's is com- plete" {Bibl. Rep. and Prince. Rev. April, 1845, p. 268) : — Discourses on Truth (1855, 12mo ; 1869, 8vo), deliv- ered in the chapel of the South Carolina College ; a work highly commended. He also published single sermons, tracts, essays, etc., and papers in the Southern Presbyterian Review. Dr. Thornwell was endowed with genius of an exalted character ; a clear, penetrating, log- ical mind, which was cultivated by profound study, and consecrated to the atlvancement of learning and relig- ion. " As a pastor, kind, affectionate, and worthy of all reliance; as a pulpit orator, a model of glowing zeal and fervid eloquence; as a teacher, gifted." Kev. H. W. Beecher says concerning him, " By common fame, Dr. Thornwell was the most brilliant minister in the Old- school Presbyterian Church, and the most brilliant de- bater in its General Assembly. This reputation he early gained and never lost." See Wilson, Presb. Hist. Alma- nac, 1863, p. 209 ; Allibone, Diet, of Brit, and A mer. A u- thors, s. v. ; Duyckinck, Cyclop, of A mer. Lit. (1856), ii, 334 ; La Borde, Hist, of South Carolina Colleye, 1859 ; Presb. Mag. vol. vii. (J. L. S.)
Thorp, Constitutions of. See York, Council OF, 1363.
Thorwaldsen, Albert Bertel. the renowned Danish sculptor, was born at Copenhagen, Nov. 19, 1770, and was the son of Gottschalk Thorwaldsen, a na- tive of Iceland. A tradition had long been preserved in his family that " the gods had promised Harold (king Harold Hildetand, who was killed in the battle of Bra- valla, in 735) a descendant whose fame should spread from the extremities of the North even to the sunny regions of the South." He assisted his father (a carver in wood) at a very early age, and when eleven years old attended the free school of the Academy of Arts, Copenhagen, receiving when seventeen a silver medal from the academy for a bas-relief of Cupid Reposintj, and at twenty the small gold medal for a sketch of Heliodorus Driven from the Temple. Two years later he drew the grand prize entitling him to the royal pen- sion, but, this being then enjoyed by another, he was obligeil to wait three years, during which time he con- tinued his professional pursuits and engaged in general study. Thorwaldsen set out for Italy May 20. 1796, arrived at Naples in January, 1797, and reached Rome March 8. After struggling against many discourage- ments, success waited upon him; his fame spread far and wide: and Christian (then crown-prince) of Den- mark wrote hira a pressing invitation to return to Co- penhagen, telling him of the discovery of a white mar- ble quarry in Norway, In July, 1819, he started to make his first visit to his native land, and arrived at Copenhagen Oct, 3, He was entertained with public feasts and other expressions of gratitude for about a year, and then returned to Rome. There he remained until 1838, when he decided to return to Copenhagen, and the Danish government sent a frigate to convey him and his works to Denmark. In 1841, finding the climate to disagree with him, he felt compelled to re-
turn to Italy, but returned to Denmark in the following year. He died suddenly, March 24, 1844. The favor- ite style of Thorwaldsen was basso-rilievo, in which he was the greatest master of his age. His principal works are, Christ and the Twelve Apostles: — Procession to Golgotha : — John the Baptist Preachiny in the Wilder- ness, in the Church of Notre Dame, Copenhagen : — En- try into Jerusalem : — Rebecca at the Well. See English Cyclop, of Biog. s. v, ; Spooner, Biog. Hist, of Fine A rts, s, V,