4. Legendary Notices. — Timothy continued, according to the old traditions, to act as bishop of Ephesus (Euseb. Hist. Kccles. iii, 4, 2 ; Const. Ajwsf. vii, 46 ; see Lange, lie Tim. Episcopo Ephes. [Lips. 1755]), and died a martyr's death under Domitian or Nerva (Niceph. Hist. Eccles. iii, 11; Photius, Cod. 254). The great festival of Artemis (the Karaywyiov of that goddess) led him to protest against the license and frenzy which accompanied it. The mob were roused to fury, and put him to death with clubs (comp. Polycrates and Simeon jMetaphr. in Henschen's ^4 da Sanctoruin, Jan. 24). Soine later crit- ics— Schleiermacher, Mayerhoff— have seen in him the author of the whole or part of the Acts (Olshausen, Commentar, ii, 612).
A somewhat startling theory as to the intervening period of his life has found favor with Calmet (s. v. " Ti- mothee"), Tillemont (ii, 147), and others. If he contin- ued, according to the received tradition, to be bishop of Ephesus, then he, and no other, must have been the "angel" of that Church to whom the message of Rev, ii, 1-7 was addressed. It may be urged, as in some de- gree confirming this view, that both the praise and the blame of that message are such as harmonize with the impressions as to the character of Timothy derived from the Acts and the Epistles. The refusal to acknowledge the self-styled apostles, the abhorrence of the deeds of the Nicolaitans, the unwearied labor, all this belongs to "the man of God" of the Pastoral Epistles. Nor is the fault less characteristic. The strong language of Paul's entreaty would lead us to expect that the tempta- tion of such a man would be to fall away from the glow of his "first love," the zeal of his first faith. The prom- ise of the Lord of the churches is in substance the same as that implied in the language of the apostle (2 Tim. ii, 4-6). This conjecture, it should be added, has been passed over unnoticed by most of the recent commenta- tors on the Apocalypse (comp. Alford and Wordsworth, ad loc). Trench {Seren Churches of Asia, p. 64) con- trasts the "angel" of Rev. ii with Timothy as an "ear- lier angel" who, with the generation to which he be-
TIMOTHY, FIRST EPISTLE TO 417 TIMOTHY, FIRST EPISTLE TO
longed, had passed away when the Apocalypse was written. It must be remembered, however, tiiat, at the time of Paul's death, Timothy was still "yoiiiii;-," prob- ably not more than tliirty-tive; that he n)ii;lit, there- fore, well be living, even on the assumption of the later date of the Apocalypse, and that the traditions {raleant quantum) place his death after that date. Bengel ad- mits this, but urges the objection that he was not the bishop of any single diocese, but the superintendent of many churches. This, however, may in its turn be traversed by the answer that the death of Paul may have made a great ditference in the work of one wlio had hitherto been employed in travelling as his repre- sentative. The special charge committed to him in the Pastoral Epistles might not unnaturally give tixity to a life which had previously been wandering.
An additional fact connected with the name of Tim- othy is that two of the treatises of the Pseudo-Diony- sius the Areopagitc are addressed to him (^De Hieruich. Cal. i, 1 ; comp. Le Nourry, JHsseit. c. ix, and llalloix, Qucegf. iv in Migne's edition).
5. Li/eniti/re. — In addition to the works above cited, see Klauting, De Tim. Maprvp. (Yitemb. l~lo) ; Seelen, De Tim. Confessnre (Lubec. 1733); Hausdorf, i>e Ordi- natione Tim. (Yitemb. 1754); VVitsius, Miscdl. Sdcr. ii, 438 ; also his Kxercit. A cad. p. 3 16 sq. ; Mosheim, Einleit. in den 1. Br. an Tim. (Hamb. 1754), p. 4 sq. ; Bertholdt, Einleit. \\, 34!) sq. ; Heydenreich, lA'ben d. Timotheus, in Tzschirner's Memorab. YIII, ii, 19-76; Evans, Script. £ioff.vo\,i; Le.win,iSf.P(iiil (see Index); Vhimptre, Bi- ble Educator (see Index); and especialh' H(JWSon, Com- jjanions of St. Paul (Lond. 1871), ch. xii. See Paul.
TIMOTHY. First Epistle to. This is the first of the so-called Pastoral Epistles of Paul, and therefore in treating it we shall adduce many points, especially those relating to its authenticity, etc., which are applicable to two, and indeed to all three, of them. See Paul.
I. .Avthorsliip. — The question whether these epistles were written by Paul was one to which, till within the last half-century, hardly any answer but an affirmative one was thought possible. They are found ascribed to Paul in the Peshito version (2d century), in the Mura- torian fragment, and in the catalogue of Eusebius, who places them among the oiioXoyov^uva. The catalogues of Athanasius, of the Laodicean Council (364), of Cyril, of Epiphanius, and of Jerome contain them, and ascribe them to the apostle. Reminiscences of 1 Tim. occur in Clem. Rom. (Episi. 1 Cor. xxix) : " Let us draw nigh to him; . . . lifting up pure and undefiled hands" (comp.
1 Tim. ii. 8) ; in Polycarp {Ad Plnlipjiei}. c. 4): "The root of all evils is covetousness. Knowing that we brought nothing into this world, and can carry nothing out, let us put on the armor of righteousness" (comp. 1 Tim. vi, 7, 10) ; and in the letter of the Church at Yi- enna and Lyons: "But the fury of the enemy chiefly fell on Attains, a 'pillar and ground' of our Church" (Eusebius, Hist. Eccles. v, 1 ; comp. 1 Tim. iii, 15). To