<7. The identification of the Biblical with the histor- ical or classical names of nations is by no means an easy task, particularly where the names are not subsequently noticed in the Bible. In these cases, comparisons with ancient or modern designations are the only resource, and where the designation is one of a purely geograph- ical character, as in the case of Kiphath compared with Ripci Montes, or Mash compared with Mdsius Mons, great doubt must exist as to the ethnic force of the title, inasmuch as several nations may have successively occupied the same district. Equal doubt arises where
names admit of being treated as appellatives, and so of being transferred from one district to another. Ilecent research into Assyrian iind Egyptian records has, in many instances, thrown light ou the Biblical titles. In the former we find Meshech and Tubal noticed under the forms Muskai and Tiiplai, wliile Javan appears as the appellation of Cyprus, where tVie Assyrians first met with Greek civilization. In the latter the name Phut appears under the form of Potiiil, Hittite as Khita, Cush as Keesh, Canaan as Ktinana, etc.
l.The list of Japhethites contains fourteen names, of which seven represent independent and the remainder affiliated nations, as follows :
(i.) Gonier, connected ethnically with the Cimmerii, Cim- bri (?), and Cymry ; ;ind geographically with Critnea. Associated with Gomer are the three following:
(a.) Ashkenaz, geneially compared with L:dve Aaca- nius in Bithynia, but by Knobel with tlie tribe Ainri, An, or Osxe'tes in the Caucasian district. On the whole, we prefer Hasse's suggestion of a coiniec- lion between this name and that of the Axenns, later the Eiixiniis Pontns. (6.) Riphiith, the Bipmi Montes, which Knobel con- nects etymologicidly and geographically with Car- paten Mons. (c.) Togarniah, undoubtedly Armenia, or a portion of it. (ii.) Magog, the Scytlnans. (iii.) Madai, Media.
(iv.) Jiivaii, the loniunx, as a general appellation for the Hellenic race, with whom are associated the four fol- lowing: (a.) Elishah, the Aioliann, less probably identified with
the district Elis. (h.) Tarshish, at a later period of Biblical history cer- tainly identical with Tartexsiis in Spain, to which, however, there are objections as regards the table, partly from the too extended area thus given to the Mosaic world, and paitly because Taitessus was a Phoenician, and consequently not a Jiqihetic, settle- ment. Knobel compares the Tyrscni, Tyrrheui, and Tusci of Italy; but this is precarious, (c.) Kittim, the town Citium in Cyprus, (d.) Dodanim, the Darilani of Illyria and Mysia: Do- dnna is sometimes compared. .
(v.) Tubal, the 'I'ibmeni in Poinus.
(vi.) Meshech, the Moncfii iu the north-western part of Ar- menia, (vii.) Tiras, perhaps Thracia.
2. The Hamitic list contains thirty names, of which three represent independent and the remainder affiliated nations, as follows:
(i.) Cnsh, in two branches, the western or African repre- senting Ethiopia, the Keesk of the old Egyptian, and the eastern or Asiatic being connected with the ninnes of the tribe Cnsseei, the district Ci.ssia, and the proviute Si(siana or Klmsintan. With Cnsh are associated: («.) Seba, the SabcRi of Yemen in South Araljia. (&.) Havilah, the district Khanlim iu the same part of
the peninsula. (c.) S:\btah, the town Sabatha iu Hadrammit. (ii.) Rnamah, the town Bheitma on the south-eastern coast of Arabia, with whom aie a>8ocialed: (a.) Sheba, a tribe probably connected etlinically or commercially with tlie one of the same name ah eady mentioned, but located ou (he west coast; of the Persian Gulf, (b.) Dedan, also on the west coast of the Persian Gulf, where the name perhaps still survives in the island Dadan. (e.) Sablechah, perhaps the town Samydace on the coast of the Indian Ocean eastward of the Persian Gulf. (/.) Niinrod, a personal and not a geographical name, the representative of the Eastern Cusliites. (ii.) Mizraim, the two Minnt, i. e. Upper and Lower Egypt, with whiim the following seven are connected: (,a.) Ludim, according to Knobel, a tribe allied to the Shemitic Lud, but settled in Egypt; others compare the river Land (Pliny, v, 2), and the Lewatah, a Ber- ber tribe on the Syrtes. (6.) Auaniim, according to Knobel, the inhabitants of the Delta, which would lie described in E-ryptiau by the term sanemhit or tsanemhit, " northern district," converted by the Hebrews into Anamiin. (c.) Naphtuhim, variously explained as the people of NcphthyK, i. e. the nortlieru coast district (Bochart), and MS the worshippers of Phthah, meauiug the iu- habitants of Memphis, (d.) Pathrnsim, Upper Eiypt, the name being ex- plained as meaning in the Egyptian "the south" (Knobel). (e. ) Casluhim, Caaius Mons, Cassiotis, and Casaium,
TONGUES, CONP^USION OF 472 TONGUES, CONFUSION OF
eastward of the Delta (Knobel) ; the Colchians, ac- cording to Biichait, bin this is unlikely.
(/.) Caphtoriin, most probably the district about Cop- tos ill Upper Jii;ypt [^ee CArirroR] ; the it^huid ol" Crete accordiiij; to many modern critics, Cappadocia according to the older interpreters.
{g.) Phut,' the Pi'int of the Kgyptiau inscriptions, meaning the Libyans, (iii.) Canaan, the geographical position of which calls for no remark in this phiie. The name has been variously explained as meaning the "low" laud of the coast dis- trict, or the "subjection'' threatened to Canaan person- ally (Geu. is, 2.5). To Canaan belong the following eleven :
(a.) Sidon, the well-known town of that name in Phoe- nicia.
(b.) Heth, or the Hittites of Biblical history.