Traditores (snrrenderers or traitors), a name ap- plied by the ancient Christians to those persons who de- livered up their Bible and sacred utensils of the Church to the heathen in time of persecution. See Bingham, Christ. Antiq. bk. xvi, ch. vi, § 25.
Traducianisni is the belief that the souls of chil- dren, as well as their bodies, are propagated from their parents, and is opjiosed to Creationism (q. v.) and the doctrine of the Pre-existents (q. v.). According to Je- rome, both Tertidlian and ApoUinaris were advocates of this opinion, and the opponents of Pelagianism, in general, have been inclined to it. Since the Reforma- tion, it has been more approved than any other in the Lutheran Church, and that not by philosophers and naturalists merely, but also by divines. Luther him- self, though he did not declare distinctly in its favor, was also inclined towards this theory; and in the For- mula Conrordice. it is distinctly taught that both soul and body are propagated by the parents in ordinary generation. What has rendered the hypothesis more acceptable to theologians is its affording the easiest so- lution of the doctrine of native depravity; and it seems to receive confirmation from the psychological facts that the natural (lis|)osition of children not nnfrequently re- sembles that of their parents, and that the mental ex- cellences and imperfections of parents are inherited nearly as often by their children as any bodily attri- butes. But, after all that can be said, we must be con- tent to remain in uncertainty respecting the subject.
TRADUCIANS
519
TRAJAN
'' As thou knowest not what is the waj' of the Spirit, nor liow the bones do grow in the womb of her that is ■witli child, even so thou knowest not the works of (iod who maketh all" ( Eccles. xi, 5). See Buck, Thcol. Diet. s. V. ; Delitzsch, Bihl. Piai/cholor/i/, p. 1-J«-]31: Neiv-Eiit/lander, July, 18G8, p. 475. See Soul, Origin
OF.
Traducians, the adherents of Traducianism (q. v.).
Traheroii, Bartholomew, a learned English di- vine at the period of the Reformation, was born at Corn- wall and educated at Oxford, either in Exeter College or Hart Hall. He travelled extensively in Germany and Italy, and, returning to England, was made keeper of the king's library. In 1551 king Edward YI confer- red on him the deanery of Chichester. This he lost on the accession of queen Mary, and, joining the English exiles in Germany, wrote all his important works there. The time of his death is uncertain. Traheron's works are, Parceresis, lib. i : — Carmina in Mnriem llenrici Dudlcei : — A nalysis Scoparum Johannis Cochlmi : — Exposition of a Part ofSt.Johis Goi^pel (1558, 8vo) : —Exposition of the Fourth Chapter of St. John's Revela- tion (1557, 8vo) : — An Answer Made by Barlholomeio Traheron to a Private Pajnst.
Traill, Robert, an eminent divine of the Church of Scotland, was born at Ely, May, l(i42. He was edu- cated at the University of Ediuburgh, and pursued tlie study of divinity with great ardor for several years. In 1666 he was obliged to secrete himself, because some copies of A 71 Apologetic Relation, etc., were found in his mother's house ; and the following year, being suspected of opposing the king, he was obliged to joiu his father ill Holland. In 1670 he went to England, and was or- dained by Presbyterian divines in London. In 1677 Mr. Traill was imprisoned for preaching privately, but was released in October of the same year. He then lo- cated at Cranbrook, in Kent, but for many years after- wards was pastor of a Scotch congregation in London, He was warmly attached to the Calvinistic doctrines, and took a zealous concern in the doctrinal controver- sies. He died in INIay, 1716. He published a number of theological treatises and discourses, which for many years were printed separately, but coUectiveh- after his death (Edinb. 1745, 4 vols. i2mo; 1754, 2 vols. r2mo; Glasgow, 1776, 3 vols. 8vo; best ed. 1806, 4 vols. 8vo). See Chalmers, /?jo^. Did. s. v. ; AWihone, Diet, of Brit, and A mer. Authors, s. v.
Train, Arthur Savage, D.D., a Baptist divine, was born at Eramingham, Mass., Sept. 1, 1812, and was a graduate of Brown University in the class of 1833. Ije was tutor in the university two years after his graduation, carrying on at the same time his theologi- cal studies under Dr. Wayland. In 1836 he was or- dained pastor of the Baptist Church in Haverhill. IMass., where he had a successful ministry of twenty-three years. He was elected professor of sacred rhetoric and pastoral duties in the Newton Theological Institute in 1859, and held the office for seven years. In 1866 he Accepted a call to the pastorate of the Baptist Church in Eramingham, where he remained until his death,. Jan. 2, 1872. Dr. Train was a trustee of Brown University from 1845 till his death. (J. C. S.)
Trajan, Marcus Ulpius Nerva, emperor of Rome from A.D. 98 to 117, is a noteworthy personage in the history of ancient times by reason of his personal quali- ties, and also as a general and ruler. He is important to the history of the Church through his connection with the persecution of the adherents of Christianity in his time. At tirst tolerated by the policy of the Roman rulers as a comparatively feeble though despicable ex- crescence on the loathsome superstition of Judaism, Christianity was forced upon the notice of the emperors by the tumults excited among the populace by heathen priests, who observed the remarkable progress of that taith with alarm, and Trajan was accordingly led to