ban returned to Rome (1093) and from that time in- terfered most notably in the affairs of the world. He excommunicated I'hilip of France, who had driven away his (pieen and married Bertrada, consort of count Eulco of Anjou. At the Council of Clermont (1095) he forbade the investiture of bisho|)s by the hands of the laity of any rank whatever, and also the assumption of feudal obligations to king or other layman by any cler- gyman. He was not successful, however, in compelling the princes to give up their sovereignty in ecclesiastical affairs, and was even com|)elled to create count Roger of Sicily, his own protege, legate to Sicily, in order that he might be able to enforce his decree without alien- ating the count from his side. The Council of Cler- mont was also specially important as furnishing the oc- casion for the organization of the Crusades for the con- quest of the Holy Septdchre. Urban delivered a fiery address, which gave the stimulus for the first crusade; and the new movement so increased his own power that lie became able to expel his rival from Rome and utterly destroy his influence. Other councils were held in France under his direction, in one of which, at Nismes, he released Philip of France from tlie ban, in recognition of his separation from Bertrada. Some- thing of regard was also paid by him to the politically im|)ortant reunion of the Greek and Latin churches. In England \\'illiam Rufus proved an obstinate oppo- nent to the papal plans, but in Spain these plans re- sulted in a large extension of the power of the Church. Urban's influence over matters of doctrine was less pro- nounced than over matters of administration ; but lie nevertheless caused the teachings of Berengar (q. v.) to be condemned at the Council of Piacenza, and at Cler- mont the practice of dipping the bread used in the sac- rament ill wine. In the latter council he also pro- nounced a general and complete absolution — a measure which from that time became pre-eminently a priv- ilege of the pope. He assured to all Christians who should take up arms against the infidels entire forgive- ness of sins, and also blessedness and inclusion among the number of martyrs, if they should fall during the campaign. The jiower of the complete absolution was therefore based tm the idea of the sin-extirpating power of martyrdom. Urban died June 20, 1099. See Vila et Kpist. Urb.II, in Mansi, ut supra, 642-719, and the literature in (iieseler, Lehrh. d. Kirchenr/esch. ii. 2 (4th ed. Bonn, 1848), p. 39 sq., 508.— Herzog, Real-Eucijklop. s. V.
Urban III, previously Lambert or Huhert Crirelli, of ]Milan, was arclideacon at Boiirges and later at Milan, archbishop of Milan, and cardinal. He was made po|ie in 1185, and is noteworthy only because of his unin- terrupted and unprofitable quarrels with the empemr Frederick, for which .see Gesta Trerirornm (Trev. 183(3), vol. i ; and (iieseler, p. 96 sq. Urban died Oct. 19, 1187. See Herzog, Real-Encykioj). s. v.
Urban IV, pope from A.D. 1261 to 1264. named Jiira/i J'iiiil<i/<(ii/, the s<in of a shoemaker at Troves, studied at Paris and became canon of Troves, and after- wards bisho]) of Liege. Iiniocent IV sent him as legate to (iermany, and Alexander IV nominated him patri- arch of .Jerusalem. His brief pontificate was disturbed by political agitations growing (nitof his determination to destroy the infiuence of the Sicilian king iManfred in the affairs of Italy, and his interference witli the dis- jHited succession of the (Jcrman throne. He appointed fourteen cardinals to serve as counsellors, forbade the election of Conradin, the last representative of the house of Hohenstaiifen, to the German throne, under pain of excommunication, and cited Richard of Corii- wallis and Alfred of Castile, the competitors for that throne, to Rome, that they might await his decision. Flc also despatched a cardinal-legate to England to as- sert the authority of the papacy in the admini:^ration of that country: and he summoned ^Manfred before his tribunal, and when that king disregarded the summons,
URBAN V
673
URBAN Vlir
transferred his kingdom to duke Charles of Anjon. Manfred, however, resisLed. and subjiigateii by force of arms a larger portion of the States of the Churcli. Urban was compelled to Hee for safety to Orvieto, ami afterwards to Perugia, where he died. Oct. 2, r2()4. lie is notable for having brought about a general observ- ance of the Feast of Corpus Christi. His literary re- mains include, besides a nutnber of bulls, a small collec- tion of Epi.itolte. See Mansi, Coiicil. xxiii, 1076 sq. ; Gieseler, p. IGG sq. ; and Herzog, Keal-Enqjklop. s. v.
ITrban V, the last of the Avignon popes, reigned from 13(;2 to 1370. Ilis name was William Grimrard, and he had been a Benedictine monk, abbot at Aiixcrre in 1353, and at St. Victor's, in Marseilles, in 1358. He was rated as a most capable canonist, and had officiated as teacher of canon and civil law in Montpellier, Avi- gnon, Toulouse, and Paris. He succeeded Innocent VI in the pontificate, and found himself at once in diffictdt circumstances. In Italy BernaboVisconte had rebelled and taken possession of several cities belonging to the Church, which could only be recovered through a treaty by which the pope pledged himself to the payment of a ransom amounting to half a million gold florins. Eng- land had refused to pay the customary tribute, and Ed- ward III had even caused a very resolute denial of such revenues to be opposed by the Parliament to the pope's demand. The Turks were threatening danger to Cy- prus. Urban sought to advance the papal interests amid these complications by means of legates, the preaching of a new crusade against the Turks, and a removal of the papal seat to Rome. (Jreatly to the dis- satisfaction of many cardinals, the latter project was ex- ecuted in 13(57, the pope leaving Avignon April 30, and reaching Home Oct. 16. He was received by queen Joanna of Naples, on whom he conferred a golden rose and a consecrated sword. The emperor John Paleolo- gus came over to the faith of Rome and promised fealty to the papal authority, Oct. 18, 1369. But, urged by the French cardinal, the pope returned to Avignon in Sep- tember, 1370. Soon afterwards he died (Nov. 13), and was buried, according to his request, at Marseilles. It is to be added that Urban cultivated a strict morality, required bishops to resiile in their dioceses, and zealous- ly combated the growing simony and accumulation of benefices in the hands of individual prelates. .Several of his bulls condemn, in addition, tlie formation of unions and the incorporation of benefices. See Mansi, xxvi, 422 sq. ; Gieseler, ii, 3, 92 sq., 117 sq. ; and Herzog, Reul- Enri/klop. s. V.