Utraqiiists, a name at first given to all those members of the Western Church in the 14th century w'ho contended for the administration of the eucharist to the laity sub utrague specie, i. e. in both kinds. The name was applied especially to the Calixtines (q. v.) in the 15th century. See I'isher, IJist. of the Ref. p. 178 sq.
Utrecht, Peace of. L^trecht is a city of the Netherlands, capital of the province of the same name, and noted for the treaties which were signed there to close the War of the Spanish Succession. The prelimi- nary terms of the treaty between Great Britain and France were signed Oct. 8, 1711. A congress was opened at LTtrecht Jan. 12, 1712. Arrangements be- tween the two powers were comjileted in August of the same year. Agreement was also reached with Holland, Portugal, Prussia, and Savoy soon afterwards. Each of the contracting parties treated in its own name, and hence there were as many as nine different treaties signed April 11, 1718. Many changes were made in the possessions of the powers named, and Protestantism made substantial gain on the continent of Europe.
Utug, in Chakhvan mythology, is the generic name of the inferior and malevolent spirits properly' called daemons. They are said to inhabit the desert and to cause diseases of the forehead. See Lenormant, Chal- dcean Magic, p. 24 sq.
Uua, in Egj-ptian mythology, is the name of the bark or vessel in which the image of the deity Ra (the sun) was carried by the priests. See Lenormant, Chul- daean Magic, p. 83.
Uwienon, Coitncil of {Concilium Unieimviense'), was held in 1375, under Jaroslav, archbishop of (inesen. Several statutes were drawn up for the reformation of ecclesiastical discipline, and a subsidy granted by the clergy towards the expenses of the war against the Turks. See Mansi, Concil. xi, 2043; Landon, Manual of Councils, s. V.
Uyteiibogaert ( Ugtenhogai-d, Wytembogard'), Hans, one of the most prominent and influential ad- herents of Arminius, after the death of that scholar a leader of the Remonstrants — an independent and earnest and yet a moderate and considerate man, everywhere maintaining a firm and upright character, and inces-
UYTHAGE
687
uz
santly engaged in promoting peace among the parties of Protestantism — was regarded as tlie ablest and most distinguished preacher of his time among the Remon- strants. His custom was to avoid, as far as possible, the application of scholastic forms, and to base his dis- courses directly on the Scriptures. He was born at Utrecht in 1557, studied at Geneva under Beza, and be- came pastor in his native town in 1584. From this post he was dismissed in 1589, because of the moderate views he held respecting the already controverted doc- trine of predestination. In 1590 he was called to the Hague, where he became chaplain to the court of the prince of Orange anil tutor to his son, and acquired great reputation and intluence. He united with Armin- ius in petitioning the States-(ieneral to convoke a synod at which they might defend their party and views against the charges continually urged against them by the Gomarists. An interview between Arminius and Gomarus was the only result of this effort, and the dis- pute was afterwards continued without any relaxation of its bitterness. Uytenbogaert carried himself with dignity throughout. He delivered an adilress before the States, in which he set before them the rights and duties they were bound to observe. He showed the in- admissibility of compulsory support of a symbol, demon- strated that the clergy itself had occasioned the troubles in the Church, and that its object was to enforce the principle of the independence of the spiritual power. He demanded that the States should examine the ques- tions in dispute themselves and bring them to a conclu- sion ; that in the event of a svnod being convened no decisions should be reached before the opposing party should have had opportunity to be heard; and, finally, that if fraternity between factions could not be attained, mutual toleration at least should be insured. After the death of Arminius, in 1G09, Uytenbogaert was associated with Episcopius in the leadership of his party and in the Remonstnince through which they presented their doctrinal system to the view of the States of Holland and West Friesland (1610). He accompanied an em- bassy to Paris as its chaplain about this time, and in the following year participated with Episcopius and others in a colloquy with their opponents at the Hague in the vain hope of securing peace. In 1G16, Henry Koseus entered legal complaint against him on account of a particular exposition given by him of the five points of the Remonstrance. In 1619 he presided over a Remonstrant synod at \V'alwyck, which fact intensi- lied the hostility to which he was exposed. He there- upon retired to Antwerp until 1622, during which time sentence of banishment and confiscation of property' was pronounced against him, and afterwards to Rouen, in France. In 1626 he came back to Rotterdam and lived in secrecy, endeavoring to secure a revocal of his sen- tence and aiding with counsel and act in the measures of his party. His goods were restored to him in 1629, and in 1631 he was permitted to be present during pub- lic worship at the Hague. He was even allowed to preach a few times, but his enemies succeeded in coni- Ijclling him to finally desist from exercising the func- tions of the ministr}'. He died Sept. 24, 1644. His writings are chief!}' in the Dutch language. Among them are a Church History (Rotterdam, 1646): — a treatise De Auctoritate Magistratus in Rebus Eccles. (ibid. 1647): — and a translation of the Confessio sire Declarafio Sententiw Pastorum. See Schrockh, Christl. Kirchenyesch. seit d. Reform. (Leips. 1806), v, 226-276, and the literature there given ; also (iieseler, Kirchen- (jesch. (Bonn, 1852), iii, 21, 33; Herzog. Real-EnojMoiJ. s. v.