1. The crosier was a badge of diffnify or authority in the form of a shepherd's crook, curved at the upper end and pointed beneath.
2. The pastoral staff' is the same as the crosier.
3. The pectoral is a square plate of g(dd or silver, either jewelled or enamelled, sometimes worn by English and other bishops on the breast, over the chasuble, n\ mass.
4. The pectoral cross is a cross suspended from the neck by a irolden chain, worn by Roman Catholic bishops and others, indicatiiiLr jurisdiciion.
5. The ring was •.'ciierally adopted about the 4fh cen- tury by bishops, although sometimes used before that time. It was tirst worn on the middle finger of the right hand, but afterwards was placed ou the fourth finger. °
The foregoing objects are treated more fully under their appropriate titles in other parts of this work. Illustrations of many of them will be found under the article Ornaments.
Vestments are worn in the ritualistic churches, snch as the Roman Catholic, the Greek, the Episcopal of England and Ainerica, and others. They belong to bishops, |)riests, deacon.s, subdeacons, acolytes, servers, and, in the Church of England, to choristers. In the English cathedrals, and in many of the parish churches, the singers, men and boys, are vested in cassock and surplice, and sit in a part of the church called the choir, between the presbytery and the nave. The eucharistic
VESTMENTS
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VESTRY
Testments are the amice, the alb, the maniple, the eu- charistic stole, and the chasuble. The deacon wears over liis alb a dalinatica, and the siibdeacoii a tiiiiide, but no chasuble, which is reserved exclusively to liie celebrant. Tiie deacon wears his stole over the left shoulder, with the ends brought together and fastened under the right arm. The stole is not worn by the subdeacon. In the Western churches acolytes at high mass wear albs and amices; at low mass when there are neither ministers nor choir, but only a single priest with a server, the server wears a cotta or rocliet over a crimson cassock. In the Greek Church the priest is always attended by a deacon vested in alb and daltnat- ica. When a bishop is the celebrant, he wears a dal- matica in addition to the priestly vestments, to signify that all the offices of the ministry are united in his per- son.
In the Roman churches the color of the cassock is for choristers, servers, or acolytes, crimson ; for the prin- cipal acolyte sometimes purple. Subdeacons, deacons, and priests wear black, bishops purple, and cardinals crimson. The pope alone wears white. The surplice, cotta, rochet, alb, and amice are properly made of white linen, though in the Western churches all except the amice are sometimes made of lace. The maniple, stole, tiuiicle, dalmatiea, and chasuble vary in their colors, fol- lowing the i>eqii(_^)ice of the seasons. The Roman se- quence, which is now generally followed by the West- ern churches, gives tc/itte for Christmas, Easter, and saints' days; purple for Advent and Lent; red for Pen- tecost and feasts of martyrs; black for Good-Friday, and green for ordinary days. The color ft)r ferias, or week-days, usually follows that of the preceding Sun- day. The English or Salisbury sequence diflfers from the Roman in employing more colors, and in the order in which they are used. Brown or gray is allowed in- stead of purple, blue instead of green, and yellow in- stead of white on the feasts of confessors. According to this sequence, all Sundays at the festal seasons are •white, and all other Sundays are red. White Sundays are followed by white _/««(*•, but at seasons of Advent and Lent the. ferias are purple; and at the seasons of Epiphany, after the octave, and Trinity, they are blue or green. The Eastern calendars are numerous and complicated, and they do not appear to recognise any uniform sequence of colors.
The origin of the vestments may be attributed to va- rious sources. The linen ones, doubtless, were adopted by the early Christians from the Jews; while the oth- ers were adopted from garments worn in daily life, either as the ordinary dress, or as the vestments of kings and noblemen. In the early ages emperors and kings were allowed to wear the chasuble, and after- wards the tunicle and dalmatiea, at their coronations and when assisting at high-mass. It is thought by Mr. jMarriott ( Vvstiarium Cliristianum) that most of the vestments now in use were introduced into the Church during the period between the 9th and r2th centuries. The vestments used in the (ireek Church are the same as those enumerated, but are known In' the correspond- ing Greek names. The alb is called a chitunion; the maniple, an epimanika ; the stole, an orarion ; the chas- id)le, a phelonion ; the dalmatiea. a stoichariori ; the pal- lium, an omophorion.
The natural effect c)f the religious changes of the 16th century was to put aside the costume at the same time and on the same grounds as the existing ceremonies. This was done by the different churches of the Ref- ormation in various degrees. The Calvinistic wor- ship dispensed with vestments altogether. The Lu- therans generally retained with the cassock the alb, and in some countries the chasuble. In the Eng- linh Church a variety of practice has existed. The disputes about tiie surplice were very bitter. The Pu- ritans objected to its use on the ground of its being a relic of popery. As to the rest of the costume, the first Prayer-book retained the Roman vestments with little