Vines, Kiciiaui), a learned English divine and pop- idar preacher, was born at Blaston, and educated at Magdalene College, Cambridge. From the university he was elected schoolmaster at Hinckley; entered into holy orders, and obtained the rectory of Weddington. In 1644 Mr. Vines was chairman of the assembly of di- vines which established the Presbyterian government, and, as F'uller says, was the champion of that party. When at London he became minister of St. Clement Danes, and vicar of St. Lawrence Jewry; and was after- wards (1645) apjiomted master of Pembroke Hall, in Cambridge, which position he resigned in 1650 on ac- comit of the iMigagemenf, as he was of Presbyterian sentiments. He died in 1655. For his works, which are chiefly sermons and other pastoral treatises, see AUiijone, Diet, of Brit, and A mer. A nthors, s. v.
Vinet, Ali£xani>rk Ronor.ruis, an eminent Swiss divine and author, was born at Ouchy, canton of Vaud, near Lausanne, June 17, 1797. He studied in the acad- emy at Lausanne, inider the direction of the Protestant Church, of which he was onlained a minister in 1819. He taught French literature at the University of Basle from 1817 to 1837, when he was appointed professor of practical tlieology at Lausanne, which post he held un- til 1847, after which he again taught French literature. He obtained in 1823, through the efforts of (iuizot, a prize for his essay Siir la. Lihertb des Cnlies. Vinet be- came one of the commission for organizing the Protes- tant Church in the canton of Vaud; but his views con- cerning the functions of Church and State being reject- ed, he seceded from the State Church and aided in forming an independent organization, the Free Church of Vaud and other cantons. In 1846 (Dec. 2) he lost his professorship on account of his opposition to the new radical authorities of the canton. He died May 18, 1847. He was an eloquent antl earnest preachf r, clear and brilliant rather than profound in thought; and, although highly evangelical and orthodox, advo- cated the utmost liberty and toleration of opinion and practice in matters of religion. He wrote largely, both
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on literature and religion, and most of his %v(irks have been translated into Eniilish. His works on French literature show that he was thoroujihly acijuaiuted with its history, and possessed liie critical faculty in luj mean tlegree. As a philosophico- religious writer he is very popular both in England and America. His principal works are, Chresto- viathie Frangaise (I8"29, 3 vols.) : — llUtoire de la Litteraturc, Frangaise au XVII Heme Steele (1851, 2 vols.): — Etudes suj- In Litterature F?(ingaise au XlXieme Si'ecle (1849-51,3 <^^^:^ vols.) : — Afemoire eic Faveiir de la Liberie des "^^ *'
Cultes (182()) : — Discours sur quelques Siijets Heli'/eitx (1831) :—Fssai su?- la Manifestation des CutivictionK Reliyieuses, et sur la Separafinn de I'Eylise et de FEtut (1842) : — Etudes sur Blaise Pascal (1848) -.—Meditations Evancjeliques (1849) •.— Tlieolor/ie Pastorale, oil Theologiedu Miidstere Erani/elique (1850) : — and //(iuiiletique,o>i Theorie de la P*-eiUcation (1853). His biography has been written by Scherer, .4. Vinel, sa Vie et ses CEurres (Paris, 1853); and by Kambert, A . Vinet, ffistoire de sa Vie et de ses Ouvi-ages (Lausanne and Paris, 1875). See also Sainte-Beuve, Portraits Contempoi-uiiis, vol. ii.
Vineyard (C^S, Ih-em, an orchai-d). In ancient Egypt the orchard and vineyard wore not separated by any wall, and tigs and other trees were planted within the same limits as the vines. But if not connected with it, the vineyard was close to the orchard, and their mode of training the vines on wooden rafters, supported by rows of columns, which divided the vineyard into nu- merous avenues, was both tasteful and convenient. The columns were frequently colored, but many were simple wooden pillars, supporting, with their forked summits, the poles that lay over them. .Some vines were al- lowed to grow as standing bushes, and, being kept low, did not retpiire any support; others were formed into a series of bowers; and from the form of the hieroglyphic signifying vineyard we may conclude that the most usual method of training them was in bowers, or in avenues formed by rafters and col- Figurative Hie- nrans. But they do not appear to have !".':'?.!.^^'!^'?'f.'?' attached them to other trees, as the Ro- mans often did to the elm and poplar, and as the modern Italians do to the white mulberry, nor have the Egyptians of the present day adopted this European custom. When the vine- yard was enclosed within its own wall of circuit, it fre- quently had a reservoir of water attached to it, as well as the building which contained the wine-itress; but the various modes of arranging the vineyard, as well as the other parts of the garden, de[)eiided, of course, on
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iiifving Viue- ■ard.
Frightening away the IJiids with a Sling.
the taste of each individual, or the nature of the ground, (ireat care was taken to preserve the clusters from the intrusion of birds; and boys were constantly employed, about the season of the vintage, to frighten them with a sliug and the sound of the voice. When the grapes were gathered, the bunches were carefully put into deep wicker baskets, which men carried, either on their head or shoulders, or shmg upon a yoke, to the wine-press; hut when intended for eating, they were put, like other fruits, into flat open baskets, and generally covered with leaves of the palm, vine, or other trees. These flat bas- kets were of wicker-work, and similar to those of the present day used at Cairo for the same purpose, which are made of osiers or common twigs. After the vintage was over, they allowed the kids to browse upon the vines, which grew as standing bushes (eoinp. Hor. iS^//. ii, 5, 43); and the season of the year when the grapes ripened in Egypt was the month Epiphi, our .lune or July. — Wilkinson, .4 »c. y^/?//)/. i. 41 sq. See Vis p:. Al- though the climate of Egypt, especially the annual over- flow of the Nile, was not favorable to the culture of the grape, yet from the above monuments we infer that its cultivation was at one time popular in Egypt, though it could only have been grown with success in a few of the high-lying districts, or on artificially elevated beds; and when commerce enabled the Egyjitians to import wine from other countries better and cheaper than they could manufacture it tliemselves, they had the good sense to abandon this uuprotitable branch of industry and direct their attention to commodities for which nat- ure afforded them greater facilities. See Egypt. In- deed, every circumstance proves to us that the cultiva- tion of the vine required great care and attention in Egypt. This care was particularly recpiired to guard against the hfiary night-shade, called by the Arabs aneb el-dib, or the wolf-vine, which is common in Egypt and Palestine, grows much in the vineyards, and is very pernicious to them. It greatly resembles a vine in its shrubby stalk. This may have been "the wild vine" whose fruit poisoned the pottage which Elisha miracu-