W^anker, Ferdinand (Je.minian, a Catholic divine of Germany, was born Oct. 1, 1758, at Freiburg, in the Breisgau, where he also studied, and where, on account of his excellent examination, he was promoted as doctor of divinity. In 1782 he received holy orders at Con- stance, in 1783 was made subregens at the seminary in Freiburg, and in 1788 was appointed professor of ethics. For a great many years he occupied this chair, and was about to be confirmed as archbishop of Freiburg, when he died, Jan. 19, 1824. He is the author of Christliche Sittenlehre (LTm, 1794; 3d ed. Vienna, 1810). He also wrote, Ueber Vernunft und OJjenbarnufj in llinsirht aiif die muralischen liediirfnisse der Menschlieit (ibid. 1804; new ed. Freiburg, 1819): — Vorlcsunyen iiber Religion wich Vernunft und OJhibarnnf/ ( Mayence, 1828), etc. His works were edited by Friedrich Weick (Sulzbach,
1830 sq. 4 vols.). See Werner, Gesch. der kafholischrn Theolo(/ie,\).'lM\ Hug, Rede auf Ferd. Waidcer, Dr. u. Prof, der T/ieoloi/ie ; Theolof/isches Universal- Lexikon, s. v.; Wilier, IJandhuch der theolvtj. Lit. i, 286,31(5; ii, 324, 826. (B. P.)
Wanley, Nathaniel, an English clergyman and author, was born at Leicester in 1633, and educated at Trinity College, Oxford. He became minister at Beeby, Leicestershire, and subsequently vicarof Trinity Church, Coventry. He died in lt)8(). ]\Ir. Wanley was the au- thor of Vox Dei; or. The Great Duty of Refection upon a Mini's Own Ways (London. 1658): — The Wondei's of the Little World; or, A General History of Man (1678) : — The History of Man; or. The Wonders of Human Natu7-e in Relation to the Virtues, Vices, and Defects of Both Sexes (1704). See Allibone, Diet, of Brit, and A mer. A uthors, s. v.
"Wansleben, JoiiANN Miciiaei., an Oriental schol- ar and traveller in Abyssinia and' P^gypt, was born in Thuringia in 1635. He was living at Erfurth in 1663, when he was sent by Ernest, duke of Saxe-tiotba, with instructions to conciliate, if possible, the good-will of the Abyssinians, and open u|i the way for teachers of the Reformed religion. He lingered in Egypt, and, on his return, not being able to account for the money intrust- ed to him, revolted to the Roman Catholic Church in 1667. He then went to Paris, whence he was sent by Colliert, in 1672, to Egypt, to purchase rare manuscripts for the king's library. In 1(')78 he became vicar of a church near Fontainebleau, and subsccpiently vicar of Bouron, where he died in 1679. He was the author of Hist aria Ecclesice Alexandrines: — Relazione dello Stuto Presente dell' Egitto : — Nemvelle Relation en Forme de Journal de son Voyage Fait en Egypte (1677). See Mosheim, Hist, of the Church, bk. iv, cent, xvii, § ii, pt. i, ch. ii.
"Waple, Edward, an English clergjMnan of the 17th century, became prebendary of Bath and Wells in 1677; archdeacon of Taunton in 1682; prebendary of Winchester in 1690; and died in 1712. He was the author of Book (fthe Revelation I\iraphrased (1693) : — and Seventy Sei-mons (1714-20, 3 vols.; a second edi- tion with Life, 1729). See AWibone, Diet, of B7 it. and Amer. A uthors, s. v.
"Wappers, Gustave, a Flemish painter, was born at Antwerp in 1803. He studied there, ami afterwards at Paris, where he adopted the style of the Romantic school. In 1830 he produced the Devotions of the Bur- gomasters of Leyden, which established his reputation as an original historical painter. He was secretary of Leopold I, who made him a baron ; and was director of the Academy of Antwerp until about 1855, when he removed to Paris, and died there Dec. 6, 1874. Among his best works are, Christ at the Sepulchre: — Charles I Taking Leave of his Children: — Charles IX on the Night of St. Bartholomew : — and Execution of Anne Boleyn.
War (prop, dns, ttoXejuoc, but represented in the Heb. by many subsidiary terms), Huhrew. We. may define war as "an attempt to decide a contest between princes, states, or large bodies of people, by resorting to excessive acts of violence, and compelling claims to be conceded by force."
I. Eai-ly History of Wa)fa7-e. — This we treat, how- ever, only in its relation to the Hebrews.
1. Patriai-chal. — It is probable that the first wars originated in nomad life, and were occasioned by the disputes which arose between wandering tribes for the exclusive possession of pasturage favorable to their flocks and herds. Tribes which lived by hunting were naturally more warlike than those which led a pastoral life; and the latter, again, were more devoted to war than agricultural races. There was almost a natural source of hostility between these races; the hunters were enraged against the shepherds because the}' ap- propriated animals by domestication, and the shepherds
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equally hated the agriculturists because they appropri- ated laud liv tillage, and thus limited the range of pas- turage. Hunting also indisposed those who lived by the chase to pursue more toilsome and less exciting oc- cupations; those who thus supported themselves sought to throw all the burden of manual labor on their wives, their children, and afterwards on persons whom they reduced to slavery. There is a universal tradition in Western Asia, that Nimrod, mentioned in Scripture as "a mighty hunter before the Lord," was the tirst who engaged in extensive wars for the purpose of obtaining slaves, and that he was also the tirst who introduced the practice of compelling conquered nations to rescue themselves by the payment of tribute as a ransom. So earl}^ as the days of Abraham, we tind that wars were undertaken for the express purpose of obtaining slaves and tribute. Chedorlaomer forced several neighboring princes, including the king of Sodom, to pay him trib- ute for twelve years; and when they ceased to submit to this exaction, he invaded their territories for the pur- pose of reducing the inhabitants to slavery. He suc- ceeded, and carrieil away a host of captives, among whom were Lot and his family; but the prisoners were rescued by Abraham.