"Whip (^^'C:,sh6t; occasionally rendered " scourge," Job V, 21; ix, 23; Isa. x, 26; xxviii, 15). In ancient times, whips were used not only for driving animals, but also as instruments of torture; and even now, in
Ancient Egyptian Whips.
slaveholding countries, the unfortunate slaves are obliged to work with the fear of the whip before their eyes. The system of administering personal chastisement has been, and is, universal throughout the East; and, under despotic governments, no person can be sure of escap- ing, as punishment is inflicted on the mere caprice of any tyrant who may happen to be in power. For this purpose, however, the rod (q. v.) was oftener used, and punishment of the bastinado (q. v.) is now the most common in Oriental countries. See Corporal Vv:s-
ISHMENT,
Various materials were used in the manufacture of whips. In 1 Kings xii, ll,I!choboam says, "My father chastised you with whips, but I will chastise you with scorpions," Here a simple scourge and another more painful are mentioned in opposition. The latter is called " a scorpion," and probably means to denote a comparison between the pain respectively occasioned by the scourge and the reptile. The rabbins think generally that this scorpion was a scourge composed of knotted and thorny twigs, by which the flesh was severely lacerated. More probably it consisted of thongs set with thorns or sharp iron points. Such scourges were known to the Romans as a means of torturing used by unrelenting persons, and particularly by masters in the punishment of their slaves. Some of the early mar- tyrs were thus tortured. See Scourge.
Few travellers have visited Egypt without commis- erating the condition of the unhappy Fellahs: every public work is executed by their unpaid labor; half
Whip Suspended from the Wrist of the Archer.
WHIPPLE
980
WHITAKER
naked and half starved, they toil under a burning sun, to clear out canals or level roads, under the eyes of task- masters read_v to punish with their formidable whips, made from the hide of the hippopotamus, the least neg- lect or relaxation. Such a sight necessarily calls to mind the sutterings endured by the Israelites while they were subjected to the tyranny of Pharaoh. " The Egyptians made the children of Israel to serve with rigor; and they made their lives bitter with hard bond- age, in mortar, and in brick, and in all manner of ser- vice in the field; all their service wherein they made them serve was with rigor" (Exod. i, 13, 14). The mon- uments abound with similar scenes. See Brick.
" In driving, the ancient Egyptians used a whip, like the heroes and charioteers of Homer; and this, or a short stick, was generally emploj-ed even for beasts of burden, and for oxen at the plough, in preference to the goad. The whip consisted of a smooth, round wooden handle, and a single or double thong; it sometimes had a lash of leather, or string, about two feet in length, either twisted or plaited; and a loop being attached to the lower end, the archer was enabled to use the bow, while it hung suspended from his wrist" (Wilkinson, Anc, Egypt, i, 372 sq.). See Chaiuot.
"Whipple, Georgk, D.D., a professor of the Con- gregational Church, was born in Albany, N. Y., June 4, 1805. For a time he was a student in the Oneida In- stitute; was one year (1833) in the Lane Theological Seminary ; and graduated from the theological depart- ment of Oberlin College in 1836, in which year he was ordained as an evangelist. From 1836 to 1838 he was principal of the Oberlin preparatory department, and from 1838 to 1847 was professor of mathematics in that institution. From 1846 until his death he was secreta- ry of the American Missionary Association, his office being in New York city. He died in Brooklyn, N.Y., Oct. 6, 1876. See Cong. Quar. 1877, p. 427.
"Whiston, William, a learned English divine and mathematician, was born at Norton, in Leicestershire, Dec. 9, 1667, where his father was rector of the parish. He was educated at Tamworth School and Clare Hall, Cambridge, where he graduated in 1690; became a fel- low of his college, took orders in the Church of England, and was appointed mathematical tutor in 1693 ; was chaplain to Dr. Moore, bishop of Norwich, from 1694 to 1698 ; vicar of Lowestoft, in Suffolk, from 1698 to 1701 ; became deputy to Sir Isaac Newton in the Lucasian professorship of mathematics in 1701, and succeeded him in that chair on his resignation in 1703 •, was nom- inated by bishop Moore catechetical lecturer at the Church of St. Clement. By this time he had gained em- inence as a preacher, when he adopted Arianism, reject- ed infant baptism, and began to omit portions of the litany. The bishop of Ely requested him not to fulfil the duties of the Boyle lectureship, in which he was making his views public, but allowed the continuance of the salary. Whiston resigned the lectureship, and, after several hearings before the heads of the houses, was depiived of his lectureship and expelled from the university, Oct. 30, 1710. In consequence of certain the- ological publications of a controversial character, he was pronounced a heretic by the convocation in 1711, and the prosecution was continued until 1715, when the pro- ceedings were terminated by an " act of grace." After his expulsion from the university he removed to Lon- don, where he gave lectures on astronomy and other mathematical sciences, and continued an active theo- logical writer. He became a Baptist and a Millena- rian, and gathered a congregation to his own house, to which he. preached what he called primitive Christian- ity. A subscription was made for him in 1721 amount- ing to £470, and he derived additional income from his lectures and publications. He died in London, Aug. 22, 1752. Among his numerous publications are, A Neio Theory of the Earth (1696): — The Accomplishment of Scripture Prophecies (1708): — Prcelectiones Phgsico-