Zeph'athah (Heb. Tsepha'thah, nrz:i, vafch- \ ioicer ; Sept. Kara /Soppav ; Joseph us, Sn^S'a, -4 ?!^ viii, 12. 1 ; Vulg. Sephatci), the name of a valley ('^N5) where Asa joined battle with Zerah the Ethiopian (2 Chron. ! xiv, 10). It was " at," or rather " belonging to," Mare- ' shah (ild'I'Q!?; Josephus, ovk aTrw^er}. This would ' seem to exclude the possibility of its being, as suggest- ed by Robinson {Eibl. Res. ii, 31), at Tell es-SaJieh, which is not less than eight miles from jMarash, the mod- : cm representative of IMareshah. There is a deep valley ' .which runs past the latter place down to Beit Jibrin, ' and thence into the plain of Philistia. This, perhaps, may be the valle\' of Zephathah ( Porter, Handbook, p. 258). Some, however, understand tlie name Zephathah to be only that o( Zephath (q. v.), with n directive, and render it " the valley towards Zephath." j
Zepheth. See Pitch.
Ze'phi (1 Chron. i, 36). See Zepho.
Ze'pho (Heb. Tscphe/, ISS, watch-tower; Sept. Iloj<pap ; Vulg. Sephu), third named of the five sons of Eliphaz the son of Esau (Gen. xxxvi, 11), and one of the Iilumasan "dukes" (ver. 15). H.C. considerably post , 1927. In the parallel passage (1 Chron. i, 36) the name i is written Zephi (Heb. Tsephi', "^E^; Sept. Sw^op; Vulg. Sephi).
Ze'phon (Heb. Tsephon', '(^'Z'^, watch ; Sept. 2a- (f>b>v ; Vulg. Sephori), first named of the seven sons of Gad (Numb, xxvi, 15) and progenitor of the family of the Zephonites ( Heb. with the art. hats-Tsephoiii', •'jisSil; Sept. 6 ^a(pwin; \v\g. Sephnnitce). In Gen. xlvi, 16 his name is written Ziphion (Heb. Tsiphyon' , •|VS:S; Sept. Sa0wi'; Vulg. 6>;?^«m)- B.C. 1874.
Zephyrinus, bishop of Rome, succeeded Victor about A.D. 199-201, and filled his office (according to
Eusebius) during eighteen years. He died in 217. His pontificate falls in the period when Montanistic and Monarchian influences were struggling to obtain control of the Church; and although his own personal- ity was by no means imposing, his rule became impor- tant through the unlimited power which he permitted Calixtus I (q. v.) to accpiire. Zephyrinus's original atti- tude was hostile towards Montanism; and though the influence of Hippolytus (q. v.) compelled the gradual exclusion of the Monarchians from the Church, they were accorded kindly treatment. The peace of the Church was in this way preserved, in outward appear- ance, while Zephyrinus lived. The more energetic ad- ministration of his successor, Calixtus, produced a for- mal breach, and thus conferred prominence upon Zephy- rinus's pontificate as being the close of the first period of the greatness of the Roman Ciiurch. Eusebius furnishes a few scanty notices on Zejihyrinus in the Hist. Eccies. (bk. V and vi), which are supplemented by the ninth book of Hippolytus {Omtr. llnres.'). The latter work called forth Bunsen's book Uippohjtits u. seine Zeit, a production of but little value, and DoUinger's Hippoly- tus u. Culiistus, which is not impartial, (ireater im- portance attaches to Baur's brief remarks in his work on the Christianity of the first three centuries, and to Ritschl. in J-Jntstehiinf/der altkatholischen Kirche (2d ed.). See also Herzog, Reul-Encyklnp. s. v.
Ze'rah (Heb. Ze'rach, rtjt [in pause Za'rach, rijT, 1 Cliron. ii, 4; "Zarah,"Gen. xxxviii, 30], rising of the sun; Sept. usually Zapo, but sometimes Zaps, Zapf'f , etc.), the name of several Hebrews and one for- eigner.
1. Second named of the three sons of Reuel, son of Esau (Gen. xxxvi, 13; 1 Chron. i, 37), and one of the "dukes" or phylarchs of the E<loniite9 ((ien. xxxvi, 17). B.C. considerably post 1927. Jobab of Bozrah. one of the earlv kings of Edom, perhaps belonged to his fami- ly (ver. 33; 1 Chron. i, 44).
2. Twin son with his elder brother Pharez of .Tudah and Tamar (Gen. xxxviii, 30; 1 Chron. ii, 6; "Zara,"
ZERAH
1086
ZERAH
Matt, i, 3). B.C. cir. 1895. His descendants were called Zarhites, Ezrahites, and Izrahitcs (Xiimb. xxvi, 20; 1 Kings iv, 31; 1 Chron. xxvii, 8, 11), and contin- ued at least down to the time of Zerubbabel (ix, 6 ; Neh. xi, 24). Nothing is related of Zerah individually beyond the peculiar circumstances of his birth ((ien. xxxviii, 27-30), concerning which see Heidegger, ///.</. Patriarch, xviii, 28; Geddes, Critical Eeinarks, p. 126, 127.
3. Fourth named of the five sons of Simeon (1 Chron. iv, 24), and founder of the family of Zarhites (Numb. xxvi, 13). B.C. 1874. In Gen' xlvi, 10 he is called
ZOHAR.
4. A Gcrshonite Levite, son of Iddo (or Adaiah) and father of Jeaterai (1 Chron. vi, 21,41 [Heb. vi, 26 j ). B.C. ante 1043.
5. The Ethiopian or Cushite ("^wlSIn) king who in- vaded Judah, and was defeated by Asa ( 2 Chron. xiv, 9). (In the treatment of this character we chiefly fol- low Poole's article in Smith's Diet, of the Bible, s. v.)
1. The Name. — In its form Zerah is identical with the Hebrew proper name above. It has been supposed to represent the Egyptian Usarlcen, possibly pronounced Usarchen, a name almost certainly of Shemitic origin. See Shishak. The difference is great, but may be partly accounted for if we suppose that the Egyptian deviates from the original Shemitic form and that the Hebrew represents that form, or that a further deviation than would have been made was the result of the simi- larity of the Hebrew proper name Zerah. So, X10, even if pronounced Setra or Seva, is more remote from She- hek or Shebeiek than Zerah from Usarl-en. It may be conjectured that these forms resemble those of Memphis, Moph, Noph, which evidently represent current pronun- ciation, probably of Shemites.