ZILLAH
1098
ZIMRI
The situation of the town is difficult to determine, notwithstanding so many notices. On the one hand, that it was in " the south" {Xeyi^h) seems certain, both from the towns named with it, and also from its men- tion with "the south of tlie Clierethites" and "the south of Caleb," some of whose descendants we know were at Ziph and Maon, perhaps even at Paran (1 Sam. XXV, 1). On the other hand, iliis is difficult to recon- cile with its connection with the Pliilistincs, and with the fact — which follows from the narrative of 1 Sam. XXX (see ver. 0, 10, 21)— that it was north of the brook Besor. The word employed in xxvii, 5, 7, 11, to denote the region in which it stood is peculiar. It is not kash- Shephelah, as it must have been had Ziklag stood in the ordinary lowland of Pliilistia, but has-Sddeh, which Prof. Stanley {Sin. and Pa!. App. § 15) renders "the field." On the whole, though the temptation is strong to suppose (as some have suggested) that there were two places of the same name, the only conclusion seems to be that Ziklag was in the south country, with a por- tion of which the Philistines had a connection, which may have lasted from the time of their residence there in the days of Abraham and Isaac.
Ziklag does not appear to have been known to Etise- bius and Jerome, or to any of the older travellers. Mr. Rowlands, however, in his journey from Gaza to Suez in 1842 (in Williams, V/o^?/ Citj/,\ 4G3-468), was told of " an ancient site called Asli'tj, or Kas/uj, with some ancient walls," three hours east of Sebata, which again was two hours and a half south of Khalasa. This he considers as identical with Ziklag. Dr. Robinson liad previously (in 1838) heard of Asluj as lying south-west of Milh, on the way to Abdeh {Bibl. Bes. ii, 201), a po- sition not discordant with that of ]Mr. Rowlands. The identification is supported by INIr. Wilton {Xegeh, p. 209) ; but in the Arabic form of the name the similarity which prompted Mr. Rowlands's conjecture almost en- tirely disappears (5^pJ£, sb'::^').— Smith. The Eng- lish engineers think that they have discovered the name and site of Ziklag in the ruins still called Khirhet Zuheilikah, occupying three small hills, nearly half a mile apart, in the form of an equilateral triangle, to- gether with ancient cities, situated in an open, rolling plain eleven miles east-southeast of Gaza, and nineteen south-west of Beit-Jibrin {Qua?: Bepoif of "Pal. Ex- plor. Fund," Jan. 1878, p. 12 sq.). See Si.meon.
Zil'lah (Heb. TsiUuh', rk:i, shade; Sept. SeXXa; Vulg. Sella), last named of the two wives of Lamech the Cainite, to whom he addressed his song (Gen. iv, 19, 22, 23). B.C. cir. 3500. She was the mother of Tubal-Cain and Naamah. Dr. Kalisch {Coinm. on Gen.) regards the names of Lamech 's wives and of his daugh- ters as significant of the transition into the period of art which took place in his time, and the corresponding- change in the position of the woman. " Naamah signi- fies the lovely, beautiful woman; while the wife of the first man was simply Eve, the life-giving. . . . The women were, in the age of Lamech, no more regarded merely as the propagators of the human family ; beauty and gracefulness began to command homage. . . . Even the wives of Lamech manifest the transition into this epoch of beauty ; for while one wife, Zillah, reminds still of assistance and protection (' shadow'), the other, Adah, bears a name almost synonymous with Naamah, and likewise signifying ornament and loveliness." In the apocryphal book of Jashar, Adah and Zillah are both daugliters of Cainan. Adah bare children, but Zillah was barren till her old age, in consequence of some noxious draught which her husband gave her to pre- serve her beauty and to prevent her from bearing. — Smith. See Lajiech.
Zil'pah (Heb. Tsilpah', ilEpT, a trickling; Sept. ZeX^av. nZEX^or; Josephus,ZfX^o,.4«M, 19, 7; Vulg. Zelpha), a female servant of Laban, whom he gave to Leah on her marriage with Jacob (Gen. xxix, 24), and whom Leah eventilallv induced him to take as a concu-
bine wife, in which capacity she became the mother of Gad and Asher (xxx, 9-13 ; xxxv, 20; xxxvii, 2; xlvi, 18). B.C. 1919.
Zil'thai (Heb. Tsiltay', ""ri^^, shady or mtj shad- oirs ; Sept. ilaXa^i v. r. SoXei and ^Unfia^i; Yulg. *S'«^a- thi and Sclathai), the name of two Hebrews.
1. Fifth named of the nine "sons" of Shimhi, and one of the Bcnjamite chiefs resident at Jerusalem (1 Cliron. viii, 20). B.C. post 1612.
2. Last named of the seven Manassite captains who joined David at Ziklag (1 Chron. xii, 20). B.C. 1054.
Zim'mah (Heb. Zimmah', il'!Z1, purpose; Sept. Zf/</(a V. r. '/jaj-ipt'ip, and Zf/toS; Vidg. Zemnia or Zam- ma), the name of two or three Levites.
1. A Gershonite, "son" of Jahath and father of Joah (I Chron. vi, 20) : probablv the same with the " son" of Shimei and father of Jahath (ver. 42). B.C. post 1874.
2. Father or ancestor of Joah. which latter was a Gershonite in the reign of Hezekiah (2 Chron. xxix, 12). B.C. ante 726. At a much earlier period we find the same collocation of names. Zimmah and Joah as fatlier and son (1 Chron. vi, 20). This is but an evi- dence of the frequent recurrence of the same names in a family (comp. " Mahath the son of Amasai" in 2 Chron. xxix, 12 with the same in 1 Chron. vi, 35; "Joel the son of Azariah" in 2 Chron. xxix, 12 and 1 Cliron. vi, 36 ; and " Kish the son of Abdi" in 2 Chron. xxix, 12 with " Kishi the son of Abdi" in 1 Chron. vi, 44).