[329] He refers to Wünsche, _Die Leiden des Messias_.
[330] Mark ix. 49.
[331] Lev. vi. 17, vii. 1, xiv. 13. On this whole subject see Edersheim, pp. 79-111.
[332] See Judg. vi. 19-21; 1 Sam. ii. 13, xiv. 35; 1 Kings xix. 21; 2 Kings v. 17.
[333] LXX., ὁλοκαύτωμα.
[334] LXX., περὶ ἁμαρτίας. _Chattath_ and _Ashâm_ both imply guilt, debt, sin. "The trespass offering affected rights of property, but no precise definition of the two kinds of expiatory offerings can be based upon the statements made in the Pentateuch in respect to them. Perhaps they cannot all be referred to the same time and to one author; for they prescribe both sin and trespass offerings in cases of Levitical impurity, and also for moral offences. All Levites attempting to establish palpable distinctions between them must inevitably fail." (Kalisch, _Leviticus_, part ii., p. 272). The general scheme of sacrifices, as they now stand in the Pentateuch, is as follows:--
Sacrifice (_Zebach_, _Minchah_). | +----------------+----------------+-------------+ | | | | Burnt offering. Peace offering. Expiatory Offering of | offering. Purification. | | | | | +-----+--+----------+ | | | | | | | Child Leprosy. Issue. | | birth. | +----+----------+------------+ | | | | | Sin offering Trespass Offering | (_Chattath_). offering Jealousy. | (_Ashâm_). | +--------+---------+-+--------+--------------+ | | | | | Thank Praise. Paschal Firstborn Firstfruits. offerings. Lamb. of animals.
[335] LXX., πλημμελεία.
[336] LXX., θυσία σωτηρίον.
[337] The phrase "wave offering" indicates the ceremony used by the priests in presenting peace offerings to God.
[338] For the full development of these views, see Wellhausen's _Prolegomena_.
[339] See Bishop Barry's article on Sacrifice in Smith's _Dictionary of the Bible_, to which, in this paragraph, I am much indebted.
[340] Lev. v. 11-13.
[341] See Kuenen, _Rel. of Israel_, ii. pp. 259-76.
[342] _Speaker's Commentary_, Leviticus, p. 508. In Lev. xvii. 11--"For the soul of the flesh is in the blood, and _I have ordained it for you upon the altar_ to make atonement for your souls; for the blood it is which makes atonement by means of the soul"--Kurtz points out that the blood is simply _chosen as a symbol_, and the superstition that there is any atoning virtue in the blood itself is excluded.
[343] _Pæd._, ii. 2, § 19.
[344] The Priestly Code is that part of the Pentateuch which is occupied with public worship and the function of priests--viz., most of Leviticus; Exod. xxv.-xl.; Numb. i.-x., xv.-xx., xxv.-xxxvi. (with inconsiderable exceptions)
[345] In Psalm xl. 6, "Sin offering hast Thou not required." The Psalm is perhaps of the age of Jeremiah.
[346] He argues that even in Chronicles it is not mentioned; and that there was no curtain (_Parocheth_) before the Holiest in Solomon's Temple (1 Kings vi. 31, 32. Comp. Ezek. xli. 23, 24; 1 Kings viii. 8). He considers that 2 Chron. iii. 14 (the only place in the Old Testament where _Parocheth_ occurs except in the P.C.) cannot overthrow 1 Kings vi. 21, which speaks only of chains of gold between the Holy and the Holiest. (There was a curtain in Herod's Temple, Matt. xxvii. 51; Heb. ix. 3). But if there was no _Parocheth_ in Solomon's Temple, the rule of Lev. xvi. 2, 12, 15 could not have been observed.
[347] This caused immense perplexity to the Rabbis. _Shabbath_, xiii. 2; _Chagigah_, xiii. 1; _Menachoth_, xlv. 1.
[348] 1 Sam. xv. 22.
[349] Amos v. 21-23.
[350] Micah vi. 6-8. Some suppose that the words are attributed to Balaam (see verse 5).
[351] Hosea vi. 6.
[352] Isa. i. 11-16.
[353] Jer. vii. 22, xi. 15.
[354] Jer. xxxiii. 14-26 seems to speak in a different tone, but is probably an interpolation. It is not found in the LXX.
[355] Psalm l. 8-14.
[356] Psalm li. 16, 17. It is difficult to believe that the two last verses of the Psalm are not a later addition.
[357] Psalm xl. 6.
[358] Prov. xxi. 3.
[359] Psalm lxix. 30, 31.
[360] Mark xii. 32, 33. So in the Talmud: "Acts of justice are more meritorious than all sacrifices" (_Succoth._, lxix. 2).