Jeremiah's prophecy in Jer. xxv. 12 605 Jeremiah's prophecy in Jer. xxix. 10 594 Destruction of the Temple 586 or 588 Return of the Jewish exiles 537 Decree of Artaxerxes Longimanus (Ezra vii. 1) 458 Second decree (Neh. ii. 1) 445 Accession of Antiochus Epiphanes (August, Clinton) 175 Usurpation of the high-priesthood by Jason 175 Jason displaced by Menelaus 172(?) Murder of Onias III. (June) 171 Apollonius defiles the Temple 168 War of independence 166 Purification of the Temple by Judas the Maccabee (December) 165 Death of Antiochus 163
[537] Ezra vi. 2; Neh. i. 1; Herod., v. 49; Polyb., v. 48. A supposed tomb of Daniel has long been revered at Shushan.
[538] Pers., _baru_; Skr., _bura_; Assyr., _birtu_; Gk., βάρις. Comp. Æsch., _Pers._, 554; Herod., ii. 96.
[539] Theodot., οὐβάλ; Ewald, _Stromgebiet_--a place where several rivers meet. The Jews prayed on river-banks (Acts xvi. 13), and Ezekiel had seen his vision on the Chebar (Ezek. i. 1, iii. 15, etc.); but this Ulai is here mentioned because the palace stood on its bank. Both the LXX. and Theodotion omit the word Ulai.
[540] "Susianam ab Elymaide disterminat amnis Eulæus" (Plin., _H. N._, vi. 27).
[541] See Loftus, _Chaldæa_, p. 346, who visited Shush in 1854; Herzog, _R. E._, _s.v._ "Susa." A tile was found by Layard at Kuyunjik representing a large city between two rivers. It probably represents Susa. Loftus says that the city stood between the Choaspes and the Kopratas (now the Dizful).
[542] The Latin word for "to butt" is _arietare_, from _aries_, "a ram." It butts in three directions (comp. Dan. vii. 5). Its conquests in the East were apart from the writer's purpose. Crœsus called the Persians ὑβρισταί, and Æschylus ὑπέρκομποι ἄγαν, _Pers._, 795 (Stuart). For horns as the symbol of strength see Amos vi. 13; Psalm lxxv. 5.
[543] Unicorns are often represented on Assyrio-Babylonian sculptures.
[544] 1 Macc. i. 1-3; Isa. xli. 2; Hosea xiii. 7, 8; Hab. i. 6.
[545] Fury (_chemah_), "heat," "violence"--also of _deadly_ venom (Deut. xxxii. 24).
[546] A.V., "four _notable_ horns"; but the word _chazoth_ means literally "a sight of four"--_i.e._, "four _other_ horns" (comp. ver. 8). Grätz reads _achēroth_; LXX., ἕτερα τέσσαρα (comp. xi. 4).
[547] Lit. "out of littleness."
[548] _Hatstsebî_. Comp. xi. 45; Ezek. xx. 6; Jer. iii. 19; Zech. vii. 14; Psalm cvi. 24. The Rabbis make the word mean "the gazelle" for fanciful reasons (_Taanîth_, 69, _a_).
[549] The physical image implies the war against the spiritual host of heaven, the holy people with their leaders. See 1 Macc. i. 24-30; 2 Macc. ix. 10. The _Tsebaoth_ mean primarily the stars and angels, but next the Israelites (Exod. vii. 4).
[550] So in the Hebrew margin (_Q'rî_), followed by Theodoret and Ewald; but in the text (_Kethîbh_) it is, "by him the daily was abolished"; and with this reading the Peshito and Vulgate agree. _Hattamîd_, "the daily" sacrifice; LXX., ἐνδελεχισμός; Numb. xxviii. 3; 1 Macc. i. 39, 45, iii. 45.
[551] The Hebrew is here corrupt. The R.V. renders it, "And the host was given over _to it_, together with the continual _burnt offering_ through transgression; and it cast down truth to the ground, and it did _its pleasure_ and prospered."
[552] Dan. viii. 13. I follow Ewald in this difficult verse, and with him Von Lengerke and Hitzig substantially agree; but the text is again corrupt, as appears also in the LXX. It would be useless here to enter into minute philological criticism. "How long?" (comp. Isa. vi. 11).
[553] LXX., φελμωνί; _nescio quis_ (Vulg., _viri_).
[554] Comp. for the expression xii. 6.
[555] We find no names in Gen. xxxii. 30; Judg. xiii. 18. For the presence of angels at the vision comp. Zech. i. 9, 13, etc. Gabriel means "man of God." In Tobit iii. 17 Raphael is mentioned; in 2 Esdras v. 20, Uriel. This is the first mention of any angel's name. Michael is the highest archangel (Weber, _System._, 162 ff.), and in Jewish angelology Gabriel is identified with the Holy Spirit (_Ruach Haqqodesh_). As such he appears in the Qurân, ii. 91 (Behrmann).