[285] Hosea ix. 7-9: cf. Judges xix. 22.
[286] Hosea vi. 9.
[287] Isaiah xl.-lxvi. is excluded from this statement.
[288] xxxii. 34, 35, repeating vii. 30, 31, with slight variations. A similar statement occurs in xix. 4, 5. Cf. 2 Kings xvi. 3, xxi. 6, xxiii. 10; also Giesebrecht and Orelli _in loco_.
[289] Exod. xxii. 29 (JE.). Exod. xxxiv. 20 is probably a later interpretation intended to guard against misunderstandings.
[290] Baal is not mentioned in the other prophetical books.
[291] vii. 2.
[292] Here and elsewhere, "prophet," unless specially qualified by the context, is used of the true prophet, the messenger of Divine Revelation, and does not include the mere professional prophets. Cf. Chap. VIII.
[293] ii. 19, etc.
[294] xxxii. 33, etc.
[295] xxii. 9: cf. xi. 10, xxxi. 32, and Hosea vi. 7, viii. 1.
[296] x. 16: cf. Amos iv. 13.
[297] xxiii. 25-27: cf. Giesebrecht, _in loco_.
[298] Cheyne, _Jeremiah: Life and Times_, p. 150.
[299] Jeremiah hardly mentions idols.
[300] Cf. on this whole subject, Cheyne, _Jeremiah: Life and Times_, p. 319.
[301] The strongest expressions are in chap. ii., for which see previous volume on Jeremiah.
[302] ii. 27.
[303] xvii. 23: cf. Exod. xxxii. 9, etc. (JE.); Deut. ix. 6; 2 Chron. xxx. 8.
[304] Characteristic Expressions, p. 269.
[305] _Ibid._, p. 269.
xxii. 1-9, xxvi. 14.
"The sword, the pestilence, and the famine."--JER. xxi. 9 _and passim_.[306]
"Terror on every side."--JER. vi. 25, xx. 10, xlvi. 5, xlix. 29; _also as proper name_, MAGOR-MISSABIB, xx. 3.
We have seen, in the two previous chapters, that the moral and religious state of Judah not only excluded any hope of further progress towards the realisation of the Kingdom of God, but also threatened to involve Revelation itself in the corruption of His people. The Spirit that opened Jeremiah's eyes to the fatal degradation of his country showed him that ruin must follow as its swift result. He was elect from the first to be a herald of doom, to be set "over the nations and over the kingdoms, to pluck up and to break down, and to destroy and to overthrow."[307] In his earliest vision he saw the thrones of the northern conquerors set over against the walls of Jerusalem and the cities of Judah.[308]
But Jeremiah was called in the full vigour of early manhood;[309] he combined with the uncompromising severity of youth its ardent affection and irrepressible hope. The most unqualified threats of Divine wrath always carried the implied condition that repentance might avert the coming judgment;[310] and Jeremiah recurred again and again to the possibility that, even in these last days, amendment might win pardon. Like Moses at Sinai and Samuel at Ebenezer, he poured out his whole soul in intercession for Judah, only to receive the answer, "Though Moses and Samuel stood before Me, yet My mind could not be toward this people: cast them out of My sight and let them go forth."[311] The record of these early hopes and prayers is chiefly found in chapters i.-xx., and is dealt with in the previous volume on Jeremiah. The prophecies in xiv. 1-xvii. 18 seem to recognise the destiny of Judah as finally decided, and to belong to the latter part of the reign of Jehoiakim,[312] and there is little in the later chapters of an earlier date. In xxii. 1-5 the king of Judah is promised that if he and his ministers and officers will refrain from oppression, faithfully administer justice, and protect the helpless, kings of the elect dynasty shall still pass with magnificent retinues in chariots and on horses through the palace gates to sit upon the throne of David. Possibly this section belongs to the earlier part of Jeremiah's career. But there were pauses and recoils in the advancing tide of ruin, alternations of hope and despair; and these varying experiences were reflected in the changing moods of the court, the people, and the prophet himself. We may well believe that Jeremiah hastened to greet any apparent zeal for reformation with a renewed declaration that sincere and radical amendment would be accepted by Jehovah. The proffer of mercy did not avert the ruin of the state, but it compelled the people to recognise that Jehovah was neither harsh nor vindictive. His sentence was only irrevocable because the obduracy of Israel left no other way open for the progress of Revelation, except that which led through fire and blood. The Holy Spirit has taught mankind in many ways that when any government or church, any school of thought or doctrine, ossifies so as to limit the expansion of the soul, that society or system must be shattered by the forces it seeks to restrain. The decadence of Spain and the distractions of France sufficiently illustrate the fruits of persistent refusal to abide in the liberty of the Spirit.