Ver. 19. δουλεύων: the word occurs.
430
20. ὡς οὐδὲν ὑπεστειλάμην τῶν συµφερόντων, τοῦ μὴ ἀναγγεῖλαι ὑμῖν καὶ διδάξαι ὑμᾶς δηµοσίᾳ καὶ Kat οἴκους, 21. διαμαρτυρόμενος
six times in St. Paul’s Epistles of serv- ing God, the Lord, Christ, 1 Thess. i. 9, Rom. xii. 11 (R., margin, τῷ καιρῷ), xiv. 18, xvi. 18, Ephes. vi. 7, Col. 11. 24 (once in Matthew and Luke, of serving God, Matt. vi. 24, Luke xvi. 13), and cf. St. Paul’s expression δοῦλος of himself, Rom. i. 1, Gal. i. ro, Phil. i. 1, Tit. i, τ.--μετὰ πάσης ταπεινοφ. : this use of was may be called eminently Pauline, cf. Ephes. i. 3, 8, iv. 2, vi. 18, 2) Core) νη. σι κ. 12,00 Ένα 409 Tim. iv. 2, Tit. ii. 15, iii. 2 (see Hackett’s note). ταπειν., a word which may justly be called Pauline, as out of seven places in the N.T. it is used five times by St. Paul in his Epistles, and once in his address in the passage before us; Ephes. iV ..2 biG, Ἡ,, 35, Col. 11.9185 235 αμ. το (elsewhere, only in 1 Peter v. 5). It will be noted that it finds a place in three Epistles of the First Captivity, although used once disparagingly, Col. iii. 18. In pagan ethics ταπεινός was for the most part a depreciatory characteristic, al- though some few notable exceptions may be quoted, Trench, Synonyms, i., 171 ff. In the LXX and Apocrypha it has a high moral significance and_ is opposed to ὕβρις in all its forms. The noun is not found either in LXX or Apocrypha, and the adjective ταπεινό- Φρων (1 Peter iii. 8) and the verb ταπεινο- dpovety (not in N.T.), although each found in LXX once, the former in Prov. xxix. 23 and the latter in Ps. cxxx. 2 (cf. instances in Aquila and Sym- machus, Hatch and Redpath), cannot be traced in classical Greek before the Christian era, and then not in a lauda- tory sense. The noun occurs in Jos., B. ., iv., 9, 2, but in the sense of pusil- lanimity, and also in Epictet., Diss., iii., 24, 56, but in a bad sense (Grimm- Thayer). But for St. Paul as for St. Peter the life of Christ had conferred a divine honour upon all forms of lowliness and service, and every Christian was bidden to an imitation of One Who had said: πραῦς εἰμι καὶ ταπεινὸς τῇ καρδίᾳ, Lightfoot on Phil. ii. 3; ‘‘ Ethics” (T. B. Strong), Hastings’ B.D., i., 786; Cremer, Wéorterbuch, sub v. ταπεινός.--- δακρύων, cf. ver. 31, 2 Cor. ii. 4, Phil. 11. 18. ‘*Lachrymz sancte . . . cum his tamen consistit gaudium”: Bengel. St. Paul was no Stoic, for whom ἀπάθεια was a virtue, the accompaniment of “wisdom and the passport to perfection ;
see Rom. xii. 15: ‘‘in every age the Christian temper has shivered at the touch of Stoic apathy”. Here the word refers not to the Apostle’s outward trials which were rather a source of joy, but to his sorrow of heart for his brethren and for the world, ἔπασχε yap ὑπὲρ τῶν ἀπολλυμένων, ΟΠτγεοςίοτη.-- πειρασμῶν, cf. St. Paul’s own words, 1 Thess. iii. 3, Phil. i. 27, 2 Cor. 1. 6, vi. 4-10, 2 Cor, xi. 26, κινδύνοις ἐκ yevous (Gal. iv. 14). In our Lord’s own life and ministry there had been “temptations,” Luke iv. 13, xxii. 28; and a beatitude rested upon the man who endured temptation, James i. 12 and 2. The noun is found no less than six times in St. Luke’s Gospel, but only here in Acts. It occurs four times in St. Paul’s Epistles, and may be fairly classed as Lucan-Pauline (Bethge). On its use in N.T. and LXX see Hatch, Essays in Biblical Greek, p. 71 ff., and compare Mayor, Epistle of St. fames, i., 2.---ἔπιβ. τῶν Ἰ.: evidently classed amongst the πειρασμῶν, Hatch, 1. s., although we must not suppose that St. Luke tells us of all the Apostle’s dangers, trials and temptations here any more than elsewhere. Nothing of the kind is mentioned in connection definitely with the Ephesian Jews, ‘‘ sed res minime dubia, xxi. 27,” Blass. The noun has not been found in any classical author, but it occurs in Dioscorides, Pref, i., see Grimm, sub v., and several times in LXX, six times in Ecclus. and in 1 Mace. ii. 52.