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4 ~ lol ~ ποιμνίου: 30. καὶ ἐξ ὑμῶν αὐτῶν ἀναστήσονται ἄνδρες λαλοῦντες
διεστραµµένα, τοῦ ἀποσπᾷν
the administration of finance; but Dr. Hatch himself has denied that he laid any special stress upon the financial character of the ἐπίσκοποι, although he still apparently retained the description of them as “officers of administration and finance,’’ see Expositor, 1. δ., p. 99, note, thus adopting a position like that of Professor Harnack, who would extend the administration duties beyond finance to all the functions of the community. But however this may be (see below), there is certainly no ground for believing that the title ἐπίσκοπος in the Christian Church was ever limited to the care of finance (see the judgment of Loening on this view, u. 5., p. 22), or that such a limi- tation was justified by the secular use of the term. If indeed we can point to any definite influence which connects itself with the introduction of the title into the Christian Church, it is at least as likely, one might say more likely when we consider that the Apostles were above all things Jews, that the influence lies in the previous use in the LXX of ἐπίσκο- wos and ἐπισκοπή, and the direct appeal of St. Clement of Rome, Cor., xlii., 5, to Isaiah (LXX) Ix. 17 in support of the Christian offices of ἐπίσκοποι and διάκονοι may be fairly quoted as pointing to such an influence. But whatever influences were at work in the adoption of the term by the early believers, it became, as it were, baptised into the Christian Church, and received a Chris- tian and a higher spiritual meaning. This one passage in Acts xx. 28 is suf- ficient to show that those who bore the name were responsible for the spiritual care of the Church of Christ, and that they were to feed His flock with the bread of life (see the striking and impres- sive remarks of Dr. Moberly, Ministerial Priesthood, p. 266). This one passage is also sufficient to show that the “ presbyter” and “' bishop”’ were at first practically identical, cf. vv. 17 and 28, Steinmetz, Die sweite roémische Gefan- genschaft des Apostels Paulus, p. 173, 1897, and that there is no room for the separation made by Harnack between the two, see his Analecta zu Hatch, p. 231, or for his division between the “patriarchal” office of the πρεσβύτεροι and the “administrative” office of the ἐπίσκοποι (Loening, wu. s., pp. 23-27; Sanday, Exposttor, u. s., pp. 12, 1043 Gwatkin, u. s., p. 302). In the Pastoral
τοὺς μαθητὰς ὀπίσω αὗτῶν. 31. διὸ Epistles the identity between the two is even more clearly marked, although Harnack cannot accept Tit. i. 5-7 as a valid proof, because he believes that vv. 7-9 were interpolated into the received text by a redactor ; cf. also for proof of the same 1 Tim. iii. 1-7, 8-13, ν. 17-19; r Pet. ν. 1, 2, although in this last passage Harnack rejects the reading ἐπισκοποῦντες (and it must be admitted that it is not found in ΔΝ Β, and that it is omitted by Tisch. and W. H.), whilst he still relegates the passages in the Pastoral Epistles relating to bishops, deacons and Church organisation to the second quarter of the second century, Chvon., i., Ρ. 483, note. In St. Clement of Rome, Cor., xlii., 4, xliv., 1, 4, 5, the terms are still synonymous, and by implication in Didaché, xv., 1 (Gwatkin, 1. s., p. 302, and Gore, 1. s., p. 409, note). But if we may say with Bishop Lightfoot that a new phraseology began with the opening of a new century, and that in St. Ignatius the two terms are used in their more modern sense, it should be borne in mind that the tran- sition period between Acts and St. Ig- natius is exactly marked by the Pastoral Epistles, and that this fact is in itself no small proof of their genuineness. In these Epistles Timothy and Titus exer- cise not only the functions of the ordin- ary presbyteral office, but also functions which are pre-eminent over those of the ordinary presbyter, although there is no trace of any special title for these Apos- tolic delegates, as they may be fairly called. The circumstances may have been temporary or tentative, but it is sufficiently plain that Timothy and Titus were to exercise not only a general discipline, but also a jurisdiction over the other ministers of the Church, and that to them was committed not only the selection, but also the ordination of presbyters (Moberly, Ministerial Priest- hood, p. 151 ff.; Bright, Some Aspects of Primitive Church Life, p. 28 ff., 1898; Church Quarterly Review, xlii., pp. 265- 302).—-THY éxx. τοῦ Θεοῦ, see critical ΠοΟῖε.-- περιεποιήσατο, cf. Psalm Ixxiv. 2. It has been thought that St. Paul adopts and adapts the language of this Psalm; in comparing his language with that of the LXX we can see how by the use of the word ἐκκλησία instead of συναγωγή in the Psalm he connects the new Christian Society with the ancient