446 WORD STUDIES IN THE NEW TESTAMENT. 11. Be hurt (aducn37). Strictly, wronged.
Second death. An expression peculiar to the Apocalypse. See xx. 6, 14; xxi. 8. In those two passages it is defined as the lake of fire. The death awaiting the wicked after judgment.
12. Pergamos. The proper form of the name is Pergamum. It was situated in Teuthrania in Mysia, in a district watered by three rivers, by one of which it communicated with the sea. The original city was built on a lofty hill, which afterward became the citadel as houses sprang up around its base. The local legends attached a sacred character to the place, which, together with its natural strength, made it a place of deposit for royal treasure. The city was mainly indebted to Eumenes II. (s.c. 197-159) for its embellishment and extension. In addition to walks and public buildings, he founded the library, which contained two-hundred-thousand volumes, and was second only to that of Alexandria. The kingdom of Pergamum became a Roman province B.c. 130 ; but the city continued to flourish, so that Pliny styled it by far the most illustrious of Asia. All the main roads of Western Asia converged there. Pergamum was celebrated for the manufacture of ointments, pottery, tapes- tries, and parchment, which derives its name (charta Perga- mena) from the city. It contained a celebrated and much-fre- quented temple of Aisculapius, who was worshipped in the form of a living serpent fed in the temple. Hence Asculapius was called the god of Pergamum, and on the coins struck by the town he often appears with a rod encircled by a serpent. The great glory of the city was the Nicephorium, a grove of great beauty containing an assemblage of temples. The city has been described as a sort of union of a pagan cathedral-city, a univers- ity-town, and a royal residence, embellished during a succession of years by kings who all had a passion for expenditure and ample means of gratifying it. The streams which embraced the town irrigated the groves of Nicephorium and of Aisculap- ius, in which flourished the licentious rites of pagan antiquity. The sacred character of the city appears in coins and inscrip- tions which described the Pergamenes by the title claimed by