1 Kings 7:21
Ver. 21. And he set up the pillars in the porch of the temple,.... Not at the door or entrance into the temple, as Jarchi, but at the entrance into the porch:
and he set up the right pillar; or the pillar on the right hand as you went in, which was on the north, the front being east:
and called the name thereof Jachin; which signifies "he will establish", i.e. the house to which here was an entrance, so long as the pure worship of God should continue in it:
and he set up the left pillar; or the pillar on the left hand, which was to the south, unless the position of them was as you come out:
and called the name thereof Boaz; which signifies "in him", or "it is strength", namely, in the Lord that dwelt there; for this has no respect to Boaz, a prince of the house of Judah, from whom all its kings sprung, as the Targum, in 2Ch 3:17 suggests. These names were given them not by Hiram the artificer, but by Solomon, and which were very expressive; not so much of the nobility of the kingdom of the house of David, as the Targum intimates; or of the church of God, the pillar and ground of truth; as of Christ himself, and the two natures in him, and of his royal dignity, signified by the crowns or chapiters on them, decorated as they were, whose legs are as pillars of marble, and in whom are righteousness and strength; which is no small encouragement to those who are entering into the church of God the temple was a type of; who, should they fear, being feeble and weak, that they should totter and fall, here stands Jachin, to let them know the Lord will establish and settle them; or that they should never hold out to the end, here is Boaz to direct them to Christ, in whom their strength lies, see So 4:15. Allusion is had to these, Re 3:12. 1 Kings 7:22Ver. 22. And upon the top of the pillars was lily work,.... Which seems to be repeated from 1Ki 7:19 and confirms that:and so was the work of the pillars finished; in the manner described. 1 Kings 7:23Ver. 23. And he made a molten sea,.... A large vessel made of molten brass, which, because of the great quantity of water it held, is called a sea; as it was usual with the Jews to call a large collection of waters a sea, as the sea of Tiberius and Galilee. This was made by the man of Tyre, as the pillars, by the order of Solomon, and answered to the brasen laver in the tabernacle, only larger than that; and was not only for the priests to wash their hands and feet in, but to dip upon occasion, and by the Jews {p} is expressly said to be a dipping place for the priests, see 2Ch 4:6,ten cubits from the one brim to the other: which was the diameter of it: it was round all about; spherical or circular; not as an hemisphere, as Josephus {q}, and Procopius Gazaeus, but rather cylindrical:and his height was five cubits; from the bottom of it, not including the pedestal of oxen on which it stood:and a line of thirty cubits did compass it round about; this was the circumference of it; which answers to the diameter of ten cubits, or near it, a round number being given not strictly mathematical.(Sceptics have ridiculed the Bible for saying that the mathematical constant p is 3 instead of the more precise 3.14159. (This number is an "irrational number" and needs an infinite number digits to specify it exactly.) Two explanations for the apparent lack of precision in the measurement are given.1) The circumference given may be for the inside circumference and the diameter may be the diameter including the thickness of the rim. This would yield a very accurate mathematical result for the inside circumference of thirty cubits. The outside circumference would be about 31.4 cubits giving a rim thickness of four inches or an hand breadth agreeing with 1Ki 7:26.2) In 1Ki 7:26 we read the vessel "was wrought like the brim of a cup." That is the brim on the top of the vessel was wider than the main part of the vessel. The diameter would be given for the brim. If the brim or lip extended about four inches past the main body of the vessel then the outside circumference of the main part of the vessel would be exactly thirty cubits.In each case the mathematical ratio for circumference of the circle ispd, where "d" is the diameter and p is the number 3.14159 ..... For a more complete discussion on this see the article by Russel Grigg. {r}. Editor.){p} T. Hieros, Yema, fol. 41. 1 {q} Antiqu. l. 8. c. 3. sect 5. {r} "Does the Bible say pi equals 3.0?", Russell Greg, page 24, "Ex Nihil", March-May Issue, Vol. 17. No. 2., Creation Science Foundation Ltd. Brisbane, Australia. 1 Kings 7:24Ver. 24. And under the brim of it round about there were knops compassing it,.... Of an oval form, and therefore the Targum calls them figures of eggs; in 2Ch 4:3 they are said to have the similitude of oxen, being like the heads of oxen, and the other parts oval; or these were in the form of gourds, as sometimes the word is rendered, 2Ki 4:39 which had on them the figures of the heads of oxen, and might serve as cocks to let out the water:ten in a cubit, compassing the sea round about it; and as the circumference was thirty cubits, there must be three hundred of these in the circuit:the knops were cast in two rows when it was cast; for these were cast together with the sea, and being in two rows, there must be in all six hundred of them. 1 Kings 7:25Ver. 25. It stood upon twelve oxen,.... Figures of them in brass, of full proportion:three looking toward the north, and three looking toward the west, and three looking toward the south, and three looking toward the east; and so turned to the four quarters of the world:and the sea was set above upon them; as it were on the backs of them, and their mouths served as spouts or cocks, to let water out of it on all sides:and all their hinder parts were inward; that they might not be seen, and which met in a centre; they that were north came against those that were south, and they in the east met with those to the west. The brass of the sea, according to Jacob Leon {r}, weighed 1,800 arobas, and, with twelve oxen under, 33,500; each aroba being twenty five pounds weight.{r} Relation of Memorable Things in the Temple, ch. 4. p. 21. 1 Kings 7:26Ver. 26. And it was an hand breadth thick,.... Or four fingers, as inJer 52:21and the brim thereof was wrought like the brim of a cup,with flowers of lilies, embroidered and engraven on it for ornament sake:it contained 2,000 baths; which is reckoned about five hundred barrels of water; it was filled by the Gibeonites; in 2Ch 4:5, it is said to receive and hold 3,000 baths, which the Jewish writers {s} thus reconcile; they suppose here it means so many baths of liquid, as the Targum expresses, there of dry measure, which might be heaped up, and so contain more; but as this was a vessel for water, and this distinction seems to answer no purpose, it may be better to observe, that in common, for the use of the priests, whether for washing their hands and feet, or dipping their bodies, it had no more than 2,000 baths in it, but, if filled up to the brim, it would hold 3,000. How a vessel of such dimensions should hold so much is difficult to account for; the Rabbins say {t}, that in the two upper cubits of it it was circular, and in the three lower cubits square, by which they imagine it would hold more, and the position of it on the oxen seems to countenance this; but very probably it was wider, and bellied out in the lower part of it, and so more capacious; but of the contents of this, according to mathematical rules, see a treatise of Bishop Cumberland's {u}. It is said {w} of a temple of Neptune's, in the fore part of it were two signs of him, and another of Amphitrite, and that was a brasen sea. This brasen sea of Solomon was typical of Christ, the fountain opened to wash in for uncleanness, by all that are made priests unto God; and this being larger than the laver in the tabernacle, may denote the greater efficacy of Christ's blood than in anything in the law of Moses to cleanse from sin; and the larger provision made for it, not only for Israel, but for all the people of God in the several nations of the world, in the four quarters of it; being published, and proclaimed, and directed to by the twelve apostles of Christ, and by all Gospel ministers since, signified by oxen for their laboriousness and strength. In the second temple there were no sea, nor bases, after mentioned, nor lavers, but one, which stood between the porch and the altar, which was for the priests to wash their hands and feet at {x}.{s} Shilte Hagibborim, c. 27. fol. 23. 4. {t} T. Bab. Eruvin, fol. 14. 2. {u} Of Scripture Weights and Measures, c. 3. p. 93, &c. {w} Pausaniae Corinthiaca, sive, l. 2. p. 87. {x} Shilte Hagibborim, c. 27. fol. 24. 2. 1 Kings 7:27Ver. 27. And he made ten bases of brass,.... Seats, stands, or settles for the ten lavers after mentioned:four cubits was the length of one base, and four cubits the breadth thereof; as broad as it was long, and so a square, that the laver might stand firm upon it:and three cubits the height of it; from the ground plates to the surface, that the priests might be able to reach the layers, and wash their sacrifices. 1 Kings 7:28Ver. 28. And the work of the bases was on this manner,.... The following was the form in which they were made:they had borders; plates of brass all around them, which enclosed them:and the borders were between the ledges; which were short staves or bars of brass, that stood upright all around, like the staves of a cart on each side, or the rails of a balcony, only in double rows; and between these were the borders or plates of brass. 1 Kings 7:29Ver. 29. And on the borders that were between the ledges were lions, oxen, and cherubims,.... The figures of them, for ornament sake; the cherubim, being distinguished from lions and oxen might be figures of men, or else of eagles, as Josephus {y}, see Eze 1:10and upon the ledges there was a base above; a flat piece of brass laid upon the top of the staves or bars:and beneath the lions and oxen were certain additions made of thin work; these, according to Dr. Lightfoot {z}, whom I chiefly follow in this account, were shelving plates of brass at the bottom of the borders and bars, where the priests washed the sacrifice; the filth of which ran off the easier, through the angle of them.{y} Ut supra. (Antiqu. l. 8. c. 3. sect. 5.) {z} Prospect of the Temple, ch. 38. sect. 2. 1 Kings 7:30Ver. 30. And every base had four brasen wheels, and plates of brass,.... Flat pieces or planks of brass, on which the wheels stood, and not on the bare floor; so that these wheels seem only to serve as supporters, not to carry the laver from place to place, as is usually said; for they were not like chariot wheels, on two sides of the carriage, but set one at each square; and besides, when the lavers were placed upon them, they were fixed in a certain place, 1Ki 7:39and the four corners thereof had undersetters; or "shoulders {a}", or pillars, which were placed on the plates of brass the wheels were; and served with them to support the lavers when laid upon the bases, and so were of the same use as men's shoulders, to bear burdens on them:under the layer were undersetters molten; cast as, and when and where, the bases were, and the plates on which they stood; this explains the use they were of, being under the laver; these pillars stood at the four corners of the base:at the side of every addition; made of thin work, 1Ki 7:29 they stood by the side of, or within side, the sloping shelves.{a} tptk "humeri", Pagninus, Montanus, &c. 1 Kings 7:31Ver. 31. And the mouth of it within the chapiter, and above, was a cubit,.... On the lid of the base rose up a lesser base, called the chapiter, which was circular, like a coronet, as the word signifies, the inside of which was hollow, for the lower part of the layer to rest in; this ascended straight up half a cubit, and then widening, went up half a cubit more, and so in its whole height, as here a cubit; the circuit or circumference of which is called the mouth of the base, into which the feet of the layer were set, the measure of which is next given:but the mouth thereof was round, after the work of the base, a cubit and an half; which was either the circumference or the diameter of it; one should think the latter:and also upon the mouth of it were gravings, with their borders, four square, not round; though the mouth was round, the border of it was four square, which had figures engraved thereon, perhaps the same as on the other borders, lions, oxen, and cherubim. 1 Kings 7:32Ver. 32. And under the borders were four wheels,.... Not under the borders last mentioned, but those in 1Ki 7:29,and the axle trees of the wheels [were] joined to the base; to the four sides of it:and the height of a wheel was a cubit and half a cubit; that is, from the plate of brass on which it stood, to the axis or semicircle of it; so that the highest part of the ring being also a cubit and an half, reached to the top of the base, it being but three cubits high, 1Ki 7:27. 1 Kings 7:33Ver. 33. And the work of the wheels was like the work of a chariot wheel,.... In the same form and fashion as one of them; the Targum is,"like a chariot of glory;''a splendid one, curiously wrought; unless reference is had in it to the chariot of Ezekiel's vision:their axle trees, and their naves, and their felloes, and their spokes, were all molten; cast together when the base was. 1 Kings 7:34Ver. 34. And there were four undersetters to the four corners of one base,.... Or pillars, as in 1Ki 7:30and the undersetters were of the base itself; they were cast together, and of the same piece of metal with it. 1 Kings 7:35Ver. 35. And in the top of the base was there a round compass of half a cubit high,.... The same with the chapiter, 1Ki 7:31 which rose up straight half a cubit, and widening upwards half a cubit more, here called the round compass of it:and on the top of the base, the ledges thereof and the borders thereof, were of the same; of the same piece of brass with the base, all being cast together. 1 Kings 7:36Ver. 36. For on the plates of the ledges thereof, and on the borders thereof,.... In this, and the preceding verse, a different word is used, translated "ledges", from that in 1Ki 7:28, the Targum renders it axle trees; as if the axle trees of the wheels, and the borders, circumferences, and rings of them, were meant, in which were the following engravings: it literally signifies hands or handles; and Procopius Gazaeus says, that the bases had, in the upper part of them, forms of hands holding a circle like a crown:he graved cherubims, lions, and palm trees, according to the proportion of everyone; these figures were made as large as the plates of the ledges, and the borders, would allow room for:and the addition round about; which were sloping shelves of brass around the base, 1Ki 7:29 these were ornamented in like manner. 1 Kings 7:37Ver. 37. After this manner he made the ten bases,.... This was the form and fashion of them as above described:all of them had one casting, one measure, and one size; they were all cast into the same mould, and were exactly alike in their form, figures, and size, and each weighed 2000 talents, and the weight of a talent was ninety three pounds and upwards, according to Jacob Leon {b}.{b} Relation of Memorable Things in the Temple, c. 4. p. 21. 1 Kings 7:38Ver. 38. Then made he ten lavers of brass,.... There was but one in the tabernacle of Moses, and what became of that is not known: some Jewish writers {c} say it was placed in Solomon's temple, and these lavers, five on the right and five on the left of it; however, here were enough provided for the purpose for the priests to wash their burnt offerings in, 2Ch 4:6 and were typical of the large provision made in the blood of Christ for the cleansing of his people; whose works, services, and sacrifices, as well as persons and garments, need continual washing in that blood; see Ro 12:1,one laver contained forty baths; and a bath, according to Bishop Cumberland {d} held seven wine gallons, and two quarts and half a pint:and every laver was four cubits: that is, square; this was the diameter of it:and upon every of the ten bases one laver; for which they were made, even to set the lavers on, and were exactly of the same measure.{c} Targum, Jarchi, and Kimchi, in 2 Chron. iv. 6. {d} Scripture Weights and Measures, c. 3. p. 70, 71. 1 Kings 7:39Ver. 39. And he put five bases on the right side of the house,.... On the south side, which is commonly understood; that is, of the courts of the priests, where they were placed for their use: and five on the left side of the house; on the north, as it must be, if the south is on the right; though as the entrance into the temple was at the east, when a man went in, the north must be on the right, and the south on the left; and this seems to be the position by what follows:and he set the sea on the right side of the house eastward, over against the south; and therefore the right side must be the north, which is opposite to the south; the sea seems to have stood northeast, which was for the priests to wash in before they entered on divine service, See Gill on "Ex 30:20" hence it became customary with the Heathens to wash before they performed any religious worship {e}, particularly the hands and feet {f}.{e} Vid. Virgil. Bucolic. Eclog. 8. "affer aquam", &c. Aeneid. 2. "attrectare nefas", &c. Macrob. Saturnal. l. 3. c. l. {f} Vid. Sperling de Bapt. Ethnic. p. 88, 89, 101. 1 Kings 7:40Ver. 40. And Hiram made the lavers, and the shovels, and the basins,.... The lavers are not the ten before mentioned, of the make of which an account is before given; but these, according to Jarchi and Ben Gersom, are the same with the pots, 1Ki 7:45 and so they are called in 2Ch 4:11 the use of which, as they say, was to put the ashes of the altar into; as the "shovels", next mentioned, were a sort of besoms to sweep them off, and the "basins" were to receive the blood of the sacrifices, and sprinkle it; no mention is here made of the altar of brass he made, but is in 2Ch 4:11, nor of the fleshhooks to take the flesh out of the pots, as in 2Ch 4:16,so Hiram made an end of doing all the work that he made King Solomon for the house of the Lord; what he undertook, and was employed in, he finished, which were all works of brass; of which a recapitulation is made in the following verses to the end of the forty fifth, where they are said to be made of "bright brass", free of all dross and rust; "good", as the Targum, even the best brass they were made of; the brass David took from Hadarezer, 1Ch 18:8 which Josephus {g} too much magnifies, when he says it was better than gold.{g} Antiqu. l. 7. c. 5. sect. 3. 1 Kings 7:41Ver. 41. See Gill on "1Ki 7:40" 1 Kings 7:42Ver. 42. See Gill on "1Ki 7:40" 1 Kings 7:43Ver. 43. See Gill on "1Ki 7:40" 1 Kings 7:44Ver. 44. See Gill on "1Ki 7:40" 1 Kings 7:45Ver. 45. See Gill on "1Ki 7:40" 1 Kings 7:46Ver. 46. In the plain of Jericho did the king cast them in the clay ground,.... Which being thick, as the word signifies, and stiff and close, was fit for such a purpose as casting brass; of such clay, furnaces of earth used to be made to melt metals in; but here were large things to be cast, as the two pillars, the sea, the ten lavers, &c. moulds were made in the ground, and so the melted brass was poured into them, which gave it its different forms; this, no doubt, was done by Hiram, though said to be done by the king, because done by his orders: the place where it was done was a part of the plain of Jericho, which laybetween Succoth and Zarthan; Succoth was in the tribe of Gad, on the other side Jordan; Zarthan was near it on this side, in the tribe of Manasseh, the same that is called Zartanah, 1Ki 4:12 and Zaretan, Jos 3:16 and Zeredathah, 2Ch 4:17. The first casters of brass are said {h} to be Theodorus and Rhaecus, both Samians.{h} Pausau. Arcadica, sive, l. 8. p. 479. & Boeotica, sive, l. 9. p. 607. 1 Kings 7:47Ver. 47. And Solomon left all the vessels [unweighed], because they were exceeding many,.... The vessels of brass before mentioned, being so large, at least some of them, and so numerous; the Targum is, he laid them up, or placed them; he brought them from whence they were cast, and put them in the sanctuary without weighing them:neither was the weight of the brass found out; or "searched" {i}; it never was inquired into; or, as the Targum, there was no end of it, it was so much.{i} rqxn al "nec invesigari potuerit", Tigurine version: "non pervestigatum est", Junius, Tremellius, Piscator. 1 Kings 7:48Ver. 48. And Solomon made all the vessels that pertained unto the house of the Lord,.... That is, he ordered them to be made, even all that were in the tabernacle of Moses; all were newly made, excepting the ark, mercy seat, and cherubim:the altar of gold; the altar of incense, which was made of cedar, covered with gold, 1Ki 6:20, hence called the golden altar, Re 8:3and the table of gold, whereupon the shewbread was; this includes all the tables, for there were ten of them, 2Ch 4:8 where they are said to be placed, five on the right hand, and five on the left; which, according to the Jews {k}, were not on the right and left of the temple, but on the right and left of the table of Moses, and which being placed on the north side, these must be also, Ex 40:22 there being more tables in the temple than in the tabernacle may denote the greater provision of spiritual food in the word and ordinances of the Gospel church, of which the temple was a figure, than under the legal dispensation.{k} T. Bab. Meuachot, fol. 98. Kimchi in loc. Targum in 2 Chron. iv. 8. 1 Kings 7:49Ver. 49. And the candlesticks of pure gold, five on the right side, and five on the left, before the oracle,.... These stood in the holy place, where the shewbread tables did, right before the holy of holies; there were ten of these as of them, which were placed, as the same Jewish writers say, not on the right and left of the temple, but on the right and left of Moses's candlestick, which stood on the south side, Ex 40:24, these may denote the greater degree of spiritual light in the church of Christ under the Gospel dispensation than under the law:with the flowers; the figures of flowers, such as were wrought on the candlestick of Moses:and the lamps; which were seven to each candlestick, and so must be in all seventy; which may put us in mind of the seventy disciples of Christ, some of the first lights of the Gospel church:and the tongues of gold; which were used to take the wicks out of the oil, and put into the lamps. 1 Kings 7:50Ver. 50. And the bowls,.... To keep the oil in:and the snuffers; to trim the lamps with; though some interpret the word of musical instruments, as the Targum, of psalteries:and the basins; which were to receive the blood of the sacrifices; and, Ben Gersom thinks, particularly the blood of those that were brought into the sanctuary, see Heb 13:11, there were an hundred of them, 2Ch 4:8and the spoons; which held the incense:and the censers of pure gold; with which the coals were carried from one altar to another, on which the incense was burnt; not only those but all the other vessels were of pure gold:and the hinges of gold, [both] for the doors of the inner house, the most holy place, and for the doors of the house, to wit,of the temple; the holy of holies and the holy place, the hinges of the doors of each, on which they were hung, and turned, were of gold; so grand and magnificent was this edifice, and so liberal Solomon in the building of it. 1 Kings 7:51Ver. 51. So was ended all the work that King Solomon made for the house of the Lord,.... Which he ordered to be made to be put into it, either for the ornament of it, or for the use and service of it; all was completely finished in the space of seven years:and Solomon had brought in the things which David his father had dedicated; had laid up for, and devoted to the building of the temple, and for the service of it; not all, but what was left; what was over and above there was a need of; though the Jews commonly say, that he made use of none of his father's, but built it and furnished it at his own expense; for which reason he did not begin to build as soon as he came to the throne, they suppose, but waited four years, until he had laid up a sufficiency of his own to defray the expense of it; but it is certain he made use of the brass his father reserved for this work, see 1Ch 18:8 and which, perhaps it may be said, is the reason it is not mentioned here as laid up: even the silver, and the gold, and the vessels, did he put among the treasures of the house of the Lord; he did not convert them to his own use, but laid them up in the treasury of the sanctuary, for the purchase of sacrifices, the repair of the house in future times, &c.
John Gill's Exposition of the Entire Bible.