olea.n a.nd unclean meats, the law of the Na.zarites, the use of burnt offerings a.nd peaoo offerings, the employment of trumpets as a means of obtaining Divine aid in war, the impiety of setting up a king," are ~numerated by Canon Rawlinson as "severally acknowledged, and con- stituting together very good evidence that the Mosaic ceremonial law was already in force" (' Aids to Faith: The Pentateuch,' London, 1862). In the Book of Samuel, "we meet at once with Eli, the high priest of the house of Aaron, . . . the lamp burns in the tabernacle, . . . the ark of the covenant is in the sanctuary, and is esteemed the sacred symbol of the presence of God (1 Sam. iv. 3, 4, 18, 21, 22; v. 3, 4, 6, 7; vi. 19) . . . them is the altar and the incense and the ephod worn by the high priest (1 Sam. ii. 28). The various kinds of Mosaic sacrifices are referred to : the burnt offering (olah, 1 Sam. x. 8; xiii. 9; xv. 22), the peace offerings (shelamim, 1 Sam. x. 8; xi. 15; xiii. 9), the bloody sacrifice (zebach, 1 Sam. ii. 19), and the unbloody offering (minchah, 1 Sam. ii. 19; iii. 14; xxvi. 19). The animals offered in sacrifice-the bullock (1 Sam. xxiv. 25), the lamb (1 Sam. xvi. 2), and the ram (1 Sam. xv. 22)-are those prescribed in the Levitical code. The especial customs of the sacrifices alluded to in 1 Sam. ii. 13 were those prescribed in Lev. vi. 6, 7; Numb. xviii. 8-:rix. 25, 32; Deut. xviii. 1, sqq." (Bishop Harold Browne, 'Introduction to the Pentateuch,' in • The Speaker's Commentary'). In the Books of Kings and Chronicles there are frequent allusions or references to the" Law of Moses" and its enactments (see 1 Kings ii. 3; viii. 9, 53; 2 Kings vii. 3; xi. 12; xxii. 8; xxiii. 3, 25; 1 Chron. xvi. 40; xxii. 12, 13; 2 Chron. xxv. 4; xxxiii. 8; xx.xiv. 14). So too in Ezra and Nehemiah (see Ezra iii. 2-6; vi. 18; vii. ti; Neh. i. 7-9; vii. 1-18; ix. 14); and in Daniel (see Dan. ix. 11-13). Amos (ii 7) apparently quotes Lev. xx. 3; Hosea (iv. 10) seems to quote Lev. xxvi. 26. Joel, the earliest of the prophets of the southern kingdom, implies through- out hie prophecy the existence of the Levitical system, and he and Ezekiel appear to have undoubtedly had before them the twenty-sixth chapter of Leviticus (Joel i. 13, 14, 16; ii. 1, 14-27; Ezek. xxxiv. 25-31). The New Testament assumes throughout the Mosaic original of the whole Pentateuch. Taking the authorship of Moses as proved, we have further to inquire as to the date of his composition of the book. On this point we cannot speak with certainty, but we may regard it as in the highest degree probable that the Jaws were written down as they were delivered to and by Moses during the fifty days previous to the departure of the children of Israel fJ."Om Sinai, and that they were subsequently put together during one of the encamp- ments in the wilderness.
3. LITERATURE. The literature on Leviticus is very extensive, and belongs for the most part to two classes-commentaries on the Pentateuch with their introductions, and special dis- sertations on one or other of the subjects with which the Book of Leviticus deals. We make e. selection of works under both headings. 'l'o the first class belong Origen, 'Selecta in Levit.,' 'Hom. in Levit.' (Op., tom. ii. LEVITICtJB, / X lNTUODUOTION TO THE BOOK OF LEVITIUUS.
ll· 180, edit. Delaruc); St. Augustine, 'Qmestiones in Heptateuohum,' Liber Tertill'I (Op., tom. iii. p. 674, edit. Migne); Theodoret, 'Qurestiones in Levit.' (Op., tom. i. p. 114, edit. Sirmond); Cyril of .Alexandria, 'Gla.phyra in Libros Mosis;' Bede, • Iu Pent.ateuchum Commentarii-Leviticus' (Op., tom. ii. p. 334, edit. Migne); Ca.lvin, • Commenta.rii in Quatuor Mosis Libros' (Op., tom. i. p. 248, .Amsterdam, 1671); • Poli Synopsis Criticorum' (tom. i. p. 510, London, 1669); 'Critici Sacri' (vol. ii., Amster- dam, 1698); Clericus (Le Clerc), 'Mosis Prophet1B, Lib. IV.' (vol. i. p. 207, Amsterdam. 1710); Carpzov, 'Introductio ad Libros Veteris Testamenti: De Levitico' (p. 100, Leipsig, 1727); Matthew Henry, 'Commentary' (vol. i., 1737); Rosenmiiller,- • Scholia' (Leipsig, 1824); Havernick, 'Han<l.buch der Historisch-Kritischen Ein- leitung in das Alte Testament: Leviticus,' §§ 117-130 (Erlangen, 1836), and (a. pa.rt of the above) his 'Introduction to the Pent.ateuch' (published by T. and T. Clark, Edinburgh, 1850); Hengstenberg, 'On the Pentateuch' (translated by Ryland. Edinburgh, 1847); Keil and Delitzsch, 'On the Pentateuch' (translated by Martin, vol. ii., T. and T. Clark, Edinburgh, 1878); Stuart, 'Introduction to the Old Testa- ment;' Bush, • Commentaries on the Five Books of Moses;' Baylee, 'Course of Biblical Instruction' (vol. i., St. Aidan's, 1865); Wordsworth,' Commentary' (part ii., London, 1865) ; Harold Browne, ' Introduction to the Pentateuch' (in the ' Speaker's Commentary,' vol. i., London, 1871); Clark,' Introduction to and Notes on Leviticus• (ihid.); Bonar,• Commentary on Leviticus' (London, 1875); Lange, 'Commentary' (vol. ii., edit. Schaff, published by 'l'. and T. Clark, Edinburgh); Blunt, 'Annotated Bible' (vol i., London, 1878). Under the second heading come Mede, • The Christian Sacrifice, Book 2' (vol. i., London, 1664); Outram, 'De Sacrificiis' (London, 1677: English translation, London, 1817); Li:i;htfoot, 'The Temple Service as in the Days of Our Saviour' (vol. i., London, 1684); Spencer, 'De Legibus Hebrreorum' (Cambridge, 1727); J. Mayer; • De Temporibns Sanctis et Festis Diebns Hebrreornm' (Amsterdam, 1724); Dey ling, 'Observationes Sacrm' (Leipsig, 1735); Bahr,' Die Sfmbolik des Mosaischen Cultus' (Heidelberg, 1837) ; Davison, ' Inquiry into Primitive Sacrifice ' (in his 'Remains,' Oxford, 1840) ; Tholnck, ' Das .Alte Testament im N euen Testament (Hamburg, 1849); Johnstone, • Israel after the Flesh ' (London, 1850); Maurice, ''l'he Doctrine of Sacrifice deduced from Scripture' (Cambridge, 1854); Fairbairn, 'The Typology of Scripture' (Edinburgh, 1854); Freeman, 'Principles of Divine Service' (London, 1855); Heng- sten bera • Die Opfer der Heiligen Schrift' (Berlin, 1859); Kurtz, 'Der Alttestamentliche Opfercitltns' (Mittan, 1864) ; Barry, Articles on ' Sacrifice' (in Smith's ' Dictionary of the Bible,' London, 1860); Rawlinson, Essay on 'The Pentateuch' (in 'Aids to Faith,' London, 1862); Kuepfer, • Das Priestenthum des Alten Bundes,' 1865; Ebers, 'Egypten und die Bucher Moses' (Leipsig, 1868); Jukes, 'Law of Offerings;' Marriott, 'On Terms of Gift and Offering' (in his 'Memorials,' London, 1872) ; Edersheim, 'The- Temple Service;' Willis, 'The Worship of the Old Covenant' (Oxford, 1880). Philo J 11dmus (Op., Frankfort, 1691), and the Mishna (Suren.bus. .Amsterdam, 1688), Ehould also be consulted. THE
BOOK OF LEVITICUS. PART I. THE LAWS AND REGULATIONS RESPECTING SACRIFICES.
EXPOSITION.