in antithesis to Jeremiah, the fiery and direct popular orator, whose careless and plain manner of address, but for all that with an elementary force, Jays bold of and kindles [its hearers] as that of the eminently reserved Ezekiel never does." Whether, as Cornill supposes, he had in his youth visited the foreign countries he describes, it is certain hifl writing exhibits a remarkable acquaintance with them, as already has been pointed out (seep. xiii.); while his intimate knowledge of the works of his predecessors has arrested the attention of every thoughtful student of his pages. The prophets of the eighth century, Amos, Hosea, and Isaiah, as well as those of his own time, Zephaniah and Jeremiah, have contributed their respective quotas to enrich his composition. Specially noteworthy is the influence which seems to have been made upon him by the study of the last named of these "men of God." The following brief list of passages from Ezekiel and Jeremiah ( taken from a larger list prepared by Slllend) will reveal the nature and amount of this influence:- Ezekiel. Jeremiah. Ezekiel. Jeremiah. ii. 8,9 = i. 9. v. 6 = ii. 10-13. iii. 3 = xv. 16. v.11 = xiii.14. iii. 8 = i. 8, 17; xv. 20. v. 12 = xxi. 7. iii. 14 = vi. 11; xv. 17. vi. 5 = vii. 32. iii. 17 = vi.17. vii. 7 = iii. 23. iv. 3 = xv. 12. , vii. 26 = iv. 20. A comparison of these passages will show that, while in thought and expression, there is, less or more observable, a correspondence which may indicate, on the part of Ezekiel, an acquaintance with the elder prophet's writings, this correspondence is not so close as to warrant the conclusion that Ezekiel prepared his work by a process of selection from Jeremiah, as by Colenso, Smend, and others, Lev. xxvi. is declared to be essentially a composition made by culling words and phrases from ~zekiel. A similar acquaintance of Ezekiel with the Pentateuch can be established, as the following examples will show : - Ezekiel. Genesis. Ezekiel. Genesis. xi. 22 = iii. 24. :uvii. 23 XXV. 3. xvi.11 = xxiv. 22. xxviii. 13 = ii. 8. xvi. 38 = ix. 6. xvi. 46 xiii. 10. Ezekiel. Exodus. xvi. 48 xiii.13. i. 26 xxiv. 10. xvi. 49 = xviii. 20 ; xix. 5. i. 28 xuiii. 20. xvi. 50 xix. 24. iv.14 = xxii. 31. xvi. 53 xiv. 16. ix. 4 = xii. 7. :xviii. 25 xvW. 25. :x.4 = :d. 35. xxi. 24 xiii. 13. xiii. 17 xv. 20. xxi. 30 xv. 14. xvi. 7 i. 7. xxii. 30 xviii. 23. xvi. 8 xix. 5. xxiii.4 = xxxvi. 2. xvi. 38 xxi. 12. xxv.4 xlv. 18. xviii.10 = xxi. 12. xxvii. 7 = x. 4. xviii. 13 xxii. 25. xxvii. 13 x. 2. xx.5 = iii. 8; iv. 31; vi. xxvii. 16 = :x:. 7; xxv. 3 7; xx:. 2. xx'1 INTRODUCTION TO
Ezekiel. Exodus. Ezekiel. Leviticus. xx.9 = xxxii.13. xlvi. 20 = ii. 4, 5, 7. xxii. 12 = xxii. 25, xlviii. 14 = xxvii. 10, 28, 33. nviii.14 = xxv. 20. xli. 22 = XXX, 1, 8, Ezekiel. Numbers. xiii. 13 = xxx. 20. i. 28 = xii. 8. iv. 5 = xiv. 34. Ezekiel. Leviticns. = xi.40; xvi. 15. vi. !l = xiv. 39. iv. 14 = xxvi. 39. vi. 14 = xxxiii. 46. iv. 17 v. 1 viii. 11 = xvi. 17. xxi. 5. ix. 8 = xiv. 5. Y. 10 v. 12 xxvi. 29. xi. 10 = xxxiv. 11. xxvi. 33. xiv. 8 = xxvi. 10. vi. 3, 4 = xxvi. 30. xiv. 15 = xxi. 6. ix. 2 = xvi. 4. xviii. 4 = xxvii. 16. xi. 12 = xviii. 3. XX. 16 = xv. 39., xiv. 8 = xvi i. 10; XX. 3. xxiv. 17 = xx. 29. xiv.20 = :x.viii. 21. xxxvi.13 = xiii. 32. xvi.20 xvi.25 = xviii. 21. xvii.7;xix.31; x:x..5. :xl. 45 = iii. 27, 28, 32, 38. xxii. 7,8 = :xix. 3; :x.x. 9. Ezekiel. Deuteronomy. xxii. 26 = XX. 25. iv. 14 = xiv. 8. xxxiv. 26 = xxvi. 4. iv. 16 = xxviii. 48. x=iv. 27 xxvi. 4, 20. v.10 = xxviii. 53. :xxxiv. 28 = :xxvi. 6. v. 10, 12 = xxviii. 64. xxxvi. 13 xxvi. 38. vii. 15 = xxxii. 25. :xiii. 20 = x.10. vii. 26 = xxxii. 23. :xliv. 20 = x:xi. 5, 10. viii. 3 = xxxii. 16. xliv. 21 x. 9. xiv. 8 xxviii. 37. xliv. 25 = :x.xi. 1-4, 11. xvi. rn = xxxii. 13. xlv. 10 = xix. 35. xvi. 15 = xxxii. 15. xlv.17 = i. 4. :xvii. 5 viii. 7. :xlvi. 17 = xxv.10. xviii. 7 = xxiv. 12. From these instances, which might be multiplied, it will be seen that between Ezekiel's language and thought and the language and thought of the Pentateuch sufficient points of contact exist to warrant the hypothesis that Ezekiel was at least acquainted with these books, and had made them his study-a very plausible hypothesis, considering who and what Ezekiel was. To go beyond this, and argue, either with Graf and Kayser, that Ezekiel wrote the law of holiness (Heiligkeits-gesetz) of Leviticus ( eh. xYii.-x.xvi.), or with Kuenen, Wellhausen, Smend, and others, that the middle portion of the Pentateuch, the so-called priest-code (Exod. xxv.- Numb. x.x:xvi., with exceptions), was not composed till after the exile, is to argue from insufficient data. Against the former of these inferences Smend (' Der Prophet Ezechiel,' p. 314) reasons forcibly, pointing out characteristic differences, linguistic and material, between Ezekiel and the portion of Leviticus in question; but the latter inference for which he contends is just as little capable of being placed on a solid foundation. The numerous allusions in Ezekiel to the priest-code and the other parts of the Pentateuch are quite as easily explained on the supposition that the whole Pentateuch was written before the exile, as that only parts of it (Deuteronomy and the Jehovistic history book) were written before, and parts of it ( the holiness law and the priest-code) after. THE BOOK OF THE PROPHET EZEKIEL. xxvii