The Pulpit Commentary — Ezekiel — Volume 2 — Section 85

perfeot" by it. The custom reappee.rs in Ver. 14.-Togarmah, The name appears 1 Maco. iv. 57. in eh. xxxviii. 6 as an ally of Gog, in Gen. Ver. 12.-Tarahish, The description of x. 8 as a son of Gomer. Jerome identifies the oity is followed by a catal.ogue raisonnl,e it with Phrygia, others with Cappadocia, of the countries with which she naded. but there is a wider consensus for Armenia, Here we are on more certain gronnd, there· which was famous for its horses and mules being a general consenens that Tarehish, the (Xenophon, 'Anab.,' 5. 34; SL?abo, xL 14. 9: Greek Tartesens, indicates the coast of Spain, Herod., i. 194). which was pre-eminent in tho ancient world Ver. 15.-The men of Dedan. The name for the metals named (Jer. x. 9). The ships occurs again in ver. 20, and bas already met of Tarsllish (1 Kings :uii. 48; lea. ii. 16) ns in eh. xxv. 13 (where see note). Here the were the larger merchant-vessels that were words probo.bly refer to the many isles of the made for this distant tre.ffio. Like all snch Persian Gulf or the Red Sea. So the ships names, it was probably need with consider- of Solomon o.nd Hiram-ships of Tnrehish able latitnde, and it is worth noting that (name used generically for merchant-vessels) both the LXX. and the Vulge.te give Oar- -brought ivory among their other imports, tkaginiane. Probably the chief Phcenician starting from Ezion-Geber (1 Kings ix. 26; colonies in Spain, notably, of course, Oar- L 22). Ebony came from Ethiopia and thago Nova, were offshoots from Carthage, India. Virgil, indeed, names the latter in wllich, by the way, we trace the old oonntry as the only region which produced Hebrew K irjatk (equivalent to "city "). it (' Georg.,' ii. 115). Oeylon is o.t present Traded in thy fairs ; better, with the Revised one of the chief sources of supply. The Version, traded for thy toaf'611; i.e. they LXX. curiously enough gives Rhodiana, the bartered their mineral treasures for the Hebrew letters for d o.nd ,. being easily goods brought by the Tyrian merchants. mistaken by copyists. The same Hebrew word appears in vers. H:, Ver. 16.-Syria; Hebrew, .Aram. The 16, 19, 22, 23, but is not found elsewhere in LXX. which gives lu,8p.:nrous, seems to have the Old Testament,and may have been o. tech- read .Adam (equivulent to" me.n "), another nical word in Tyrian commerce. The LXX. instance of the fact just referred to. And this gives li.-yopd; the Vulgate, nundina,, which has led many commentators (Michaelis, iw.eme to have suggested the Revised Version. Ewald, Hitzig, Fiirst) to conjecture, follow- Ver. 13.-J'avan (father of Elishe.h, ing the Peahito Version, that Edom must Torebieh, Kittim, and Dodanim, o.ud son of have been the true reading. As regards Japheth, Gen. L 2, 4) stands generiaally for the products named, we know too little of Greece, and probably represents lonia. the oommerce of Edom to ee.y whether it Tubal and Jl[esheoh are sons of Japheth in included them in its exports, o.nd the fo.ct Gen. x. 2, and are always grouped together, that the broidered work of Babylon had except in Ps. en:. 5, where Meshech ap- been fo.moue from of old (Josh. vii. 21), nnd pears alone, and in lea. I.xvi. 19, where that it was o.leo the oldest emporium for Tubal is no.med. but not Mesheoh. In eh. precious stones, may be urged in fo.vour of :u:xii. 26 they are associated with Elam the present rending, o.nd of taking Aro.m in and Asehur (Assyria); in eh. xxxvili. 2, 8 and its widest senso o.s including Meoopotamio.. :nxix. 1 with Gog. The two names pro- On the other hand, the mention of onyx, bably represented the tribes on tile south- sapphire, coral, pearls, topaz, in Job xxviii. east coo.et of the Ble.ok Sea, Here the chief 16-19, the local colouring of which is trnffio was in efoves, the Tyrian traders eeeentioJ.lly Idumreo.n, eupporle tho conjec- pl·obably buying them in excho.nge for their tural emendo.tion. Emeralds (comp. Exocl. 1,mnufactured goods, and selling them to the xxviii. 18). Some writers identify it with ciliee of Greece o.e well o.s Phcenioia. In tho carbuncle. It meets us ngo.in in eh. Greek history the names o.ppear as Tibareni xxviii. 13. The fine linen (butz) is different and Mosclli (Herod., iii. 94; Xenophon, from that of vcr. 7 (sheah), o.ncl appears only • Anab.,' v. 5. 2, et al.). In Joel iv. 6 in the Inter books of the Old 'l'cel.llment Tyrio.ne o.re represented as selling Isroelites (1 Ohron. iv. 21 ; 2 Ohron. iii. 14; Esth. i. o.e slaves in Greek cities (Ho brew "sons of 6, et al.). It was probo.bly the byssua of the Jovan"). Thro.oe and Soythio. were at o.ll Greeks, made of cotton, while the Egyptian times the chief countries from which Greece fa.brio was of tlo.x. Coral. The Hobrow imported her slaves. Vessels of brau. (ramotk) occurs only here and in Job x1tviii. Here, as throughout the Old Testament, we 18. '' Ooml" is the traditionul Jowish inter- should read "oopper," the mixed metal pretation, but the LXX. tro.nslitemtes, and whioh we know as "braes" not being known the Vulgote gives seric11m. Agate is found to nnoient metallurgy. Copper-mines were here and in Iea.liv.12,o.ndho.s beon itlcntificd found near the Caucasus, and Eubrea wo.e with the ruby or cnrbunclo. In Exocl. xxviii. also fo.moue for them. The region wo.s also 19 and xxxix. 12 the .English represents a noted for its iron. different Hebrew word.  SS Ti1E BOOK OF THE PROPHFlT EZEKiEt. [011. nvtt. 1-JS.