developed con\emporaneously with ecole- only, but the being seen as futing-oon- sia.sticism, be(-ame the Received Text. :Be spicuousness, not mere semblRnce. Henoe not as the hypocrites, of a sad oountenance. "ll,,-.,.•vovTu is expressed (contrast ver, 5), The Revised Version, by inserting a comma siuce while in ver. 5 not the praying but tile· between " not " and "as," shows that the piety that induced it is to be mwie a.ppe.rent, true emphasis of the warning lies, not on here it is the very fact itself of fasting, w hioh,, resemblance to the hypocrites themselves, •except for these external signs, might esce.pe but on being of a sad countenance, as in fact bume.n notice. They have (vor. 2, note), also the hypocrites were. TAe hypocrites Ver. 17,-:But thou, when thou fe.steat,. (ver. 2, note; cf. also 'Didache,' § viii., anoint thine head, and wash thy face. . lf "But let not your fasts be with the hypo- both these were, among .the Jews,. done- crites," where, however, the thought is da.ily, Christ's command would mean-moke- rather of hypocrites as representing the no external sign of fasting; dress and appear Pharisaic, the typie&l!y Jewish party). 'fhe a.a usual. But as .anointing, at least, can- early Jewish Christians are bidden in the not be pro'"ed to have bean a. daily he.bit. • Didache' to avoid the fasting-days chosen (though expressly forbidden during the· by the Jews. lJ6 not. Our Lord does not for- stricter kiuds of fasts, see Schiirer, II. ii. bid even this sad countenance if it be, so to 212), especially with ·the mixed cla,ssee- speak, na,ture.l; but do not, becau;e you whom our Lord was addressing, and as it fast, therefore pnrposely become so (µ~ was with tbe ancients rather a symbol of ;,iv.,,-8,), i.~. in sign of your supposed sorrow special joy, it is safer to take. it in this- for sin (cf. Ecclus. xiL 26). OJ a sad coun- sense here. Thus our Lord will meu.n-eo tenance ('1"«v6p.,,,,,.o(); gloomy, e_specially in far from appearing sad, let. your appearance- knitting the brows. In Da:n. L 10 (Theo- be that of special joy 11,nd gla,dness. ." By dotion) used of merely physically bad looks the symbols of joy e.nd.gladness be ha.de ua. ( cf. • Test. XlL Patr.,' § 4, of tile look of e. be joyful and glad when we fast" (Photi~ man whose liver is out of order). In the New in Suicer, i. 186). Testament elsewhere only Luke xxiv. 17, Ver. 18.-Which is in secret (-rr; lv. -,,; "' And they stood still, looking sad," Revised «p"'l>a.l'I'); ver. 6, note. Shall reward thee- Version (cf. Gen. xl 7; Ecclus. xxv. 23). openly (ver. 4, note). ' For they disfigure. The play on the words Ver. 19--eh. -vii. 12.-(3) General -prin- (o.,t,a.vi(ovG"w . . . bros ,pa.viiiu,v, Le.rdly to be reproduced in English," They dufigure .•• ciple. regarding the relation of the di,cip~ea that they may .figure before men e.s fasting") to 111ealt11 and to men. points io the Gospel having been originally Vers. 19-34.-(1) The principle of re• composed in Greek (see Introduction, p. xiii.). garding God alone in our religious actiona- It is curions that dq,a.v/(u, comes elsewhere is also to be maintained in the relation'thal in Matthew only in vers. 19, 20, while in the we hold to uealth in the broadest sense. whole of the New Testament it only ccmee twice besides: Acts xiii. 41 (from the LXX.) Yers. 19-21: seek true wealth, be.co.use· e.nd Je.s. iv. 14 (dq,a.,,,,,.,._or, Heb. viii. 13). earthly wea,lth, though gathered, may be .As ver. 19 is pecalinr to Mnt~ew, and ,•er. rendered usele~s by ear1Jh's ohances. . Vera. 0
20 is a corollary to it though in part found 22, 23 : further, because it is the single eye- alo0 in Luke xii. 33, the whole passage that receives the light Ver. 24: in fo.ci vers. 16--20 is probably either dne to the author of the First Gospel or else den:ved by divided service is impossib¥,., Yers._ 25-34: him from some -0ne source. In thl8 con- place God first, and he will provide. nexion it me.y be noticed that «l!v,pa.,o, Vera. 19-21.~Ver. 19 comes here only, comes in tbe New Testament only 1D ver. but vers. 20, 21 have mucn in common with 18 (twice). Physical disfigureme1;t, common Luke xii. 33, 34. They are there in the in many nations e.s e. sign of g_r1ef, such as tearing or marking the flesh, 1:8 not to be middle of a long discourse (vers. 22-53).. thon"ht of, since this we.s forbidden (Lev. which immediRtely follows the· parable of xix. 28; Deut. xiv. 1). 'A,pa.vl(u~, ~oo, bas the rich fool, itself spoken on the occasion no such connotation, but rather hiding out when a man wished his brother to divide of sight, hence causing to vanish, destroy (\"er. 19); here, in the sense of giving a the inherita,nce with him. There seems no- strange, unpleasnnt appearance, e.g. by ashes, reason to believe that that discourse is ,at all or by not wuhing, or eveo by covering po.rt necessarily in historioal position, and that of the face or the head (cf. Ezek. mv. 17: om venes belong originally to it and to it&- 2 Sam. xv. 30; Esth. vi. 12). That they may occaaion rather than to the present place UI· appear unto men to fa1t ; Revised Version, that they ma11 be aeen, etc. ; i.e. not the mere Mcitthew. appeannce, as though there wertl appearance Ver. 19.-Lay not up .. , but lay up, 011. v1. 1-34.] TllE OO~PEL ACCORDING TO ST. MATTHEW. 23.5,