stat.e from Crosl\rea to lfomo, St.. Luke again evidently was with him; for throughout the voyaµ:e which ended in the memorable shipwreck and the 1mhs<'qnent 1St.ay at Melita, and on 1he voyage from Melita in the ship of Alexand1ia, we find the forms "we" and" us" used: "Then when we came t.o Rome;" "when the brethren heard of us." During that long period of impri~onmcnt. at Crosa1·ea, it is highly probable that St. Luke, acting under the immediate direction of his master Paul, made that personal investi- ga.tion, searched out eye-witnesses of the events of the life of love, conversed with surnvors-less than thirty years had elapsed from the Resurrection morning, it must be remembered, when Paul lay in his Cresarean prison- procured memoranda in the possession of the holy women and others, and with the help and guidance of his great master, aided by the Holy Spirit (A.D. 60-62), we even think compiled much of whTl.t is known now as "the Gospel according to St. Luke." During the Roman imprisonment, which immediately followed A.D. 63-64, the work, and not improbably its sequel the Acts, was finally revised and put out. We thus possess traces of an intimate friendship between the older and the younger man for a period of some twelve years-A.D. 53 to 64; for how long previous to A.D. 53 and the meeting at Troas (Acts xvi. 10) the friendship had e::ci.sted we have no data. even for conjecture.
V. "Lua, THE BELOVED PHYSICIAN" (Col. iv. 14). .. And Luke, who was a native of Antioch, and by profession a physician, for the most part a companion (T~ 1r>..Ei1TTa avyyeyovw-.) of Paul, and who Will! not slightly acquainted with the rest of the apostles, has left us two books divinely inspired, proofs of the art of healing souls, which he won from them" (Eusebiue, 'Hist. Eccl.,' iii. 4). "Luke, a physi,cian of Antioch, not unskilled in the Hebrew language, ae his works show, was a follower (sectat.or) of the Apostle Paul, and the companion of all his wanderings. He wrote a Gospel of whioh the same raul makes mention," etc. (St. Jerome, 'De Vir. Illustr.,' o. 7). "The Gospel according to Luke was dictated by the Apostle Paul, but written and put out (ed,itum) by Luke, the blessed apostle and physician" (Synopsis Pseudo-Athanasii, in Athanasii • Opp.'). The above-quoted referenoes from Eueebins, Jerome, and the pseudo- Athanasius, tell ue that the words of St. Paul (Col. iv. 14), when he referred to his friend Luke as " the beloved physician,'' very generally coloured all 4fldition in the early Church respecting the writer of the Third Gospel.
The profeseion of physician in the early days of the empire was filled almost exclusively by freedmen or the sons of freedmen (Ubertini). Thie calling implied a considerable amount of scientific knowledge, and shows that Luke the physician certainly belonged to the class of educated men. Dean Plumptre, of Wells, calls attention to the well-known list of the members of the household of the Empress Livia, the consort of Augustus Cw1:1ar, compiled from the Columbarium, a sepulchl'e which was opened at TlTF: GOSI'Ef, ACCOnTHNG TO flT. LlTKK xix
Rome in 1726. This "list" gives many examples of' names with the word " medions " attached to th<'m. It is remarkable that, with the exception of IIippocrates, all the extant medical writers were Asiatic Greeks-such as Galen of Pergamu,i, in My.,icJ.; Dioscorides of' Anazarba, in Cilicia; Aretreus the Cappadocian. Hippo- orates, though not an Asiatic Greek, was born and lived in close prnxi~ity to the coast of Asia., being a. native of Cos, an island off the coast of Caria. In the first century of the Christian era. no medical school stood hiO'her and few so high, as that of Tarsus, in Cilicia. There was a great te~pl; of lEsculapius at lEgre, only a few miles from Tarsus, which was resorted to by sick persons from all countriet:J, who came to consult the priests or brotherhood of the Asclepiadre. A modern scholar, Dr; Hobart, of Trinity College, Dublin, has lately written an exhaustive treatise 1 of considerable length to show that the language of St. Luke, both in 'the Gospel and Acts, is very largely impreg- nated with technical medical words-words which none but a trained physician would have thought of using; word,i, too, employed in the general story in the course of relation of events not connected with healing a disease or any medical subject; the very words, in fact, which were common in the phraseology of the Greek medical schools, and which a physician, from his medical training and habits, would be likely to employ. 1. In the general narrative in the Third Gospel and the Acts, there are a number of words which were either distinctly medical terms or commonly employed in medical language, such as ta(n,, 0epa:rrrnf, CTVVOpoµ.,7, etc. 2. 'fhere are, again, certain classes of words which were 11s~d in raedical language in some special relation.9 St. Luke alone u~es the special terms for the distribution of nourishment, blood, nerves, etc., through the body, such as o,avlµ.nv, 8,a,nrelpnv, a.va8,8ovai; and the terms to denote an inter- mittent or a failing pulse, such as 8u1Ae,71'ew, f:KAtL71'£Lv, etc. 3. The same combination of words are used by St. Luke as_ we find in medical writers, as for instance, -rp~µ.a /3U1.0VTJ,, 8cucru,½ 11'po~aveLv, 0poµ.{3o, arµ.aros, etc. 4. Other woTds are found, too, in this Gospel used very rarely save br medical writers in the sense which they bear in St. Luke's writings, a.~ U.V«Ka0L(£ll, to sit Up, f:Kt/roXELV 1 to expose, etc. 5. Several curious indications of the writer of the Third Gospel and the Aots being a medical man are discoverable in the words made use of for marking time, such as f.U7T'tpa, µ.£UTJp.f3pla, µ.£CrovvKnov, 5p0po,; the first two of which are pecvliar to him, and the last two almost so, as µ.£CTovvKnov is used but once outsd.de his writings (Mark xiii. 35), and 5p0pos, too, but once (John viii. 2). These latter were the usual times and the usual ter111,i tu denote them, for the accussion or abatement of disease, visiting patient~ ' 'The Medical Language of St. Luke,' by the Rev. W. K. Hobart, LL.D., printc<l in tl.to Dublin University Press series, 1882. • Ibid., Introd., p. xuiv. u INTTIODlWTTON TO 'l'II'E G08PEL ACCORDING TO ST. I.UKl!l.