The Pulpit Commentary — John — Volume 1 — Section 71

eolitnry poculiaritles or tho Apocalypse, which are good enough Greek, which pro-;es nothing 11s to tho non-identity of the authorship with the Fourth Gospel. All Paul's Epistles con tnin numerous /.1,ra( "-•'Y{ µ<vtz. (b) Peculiar use of woi·ds. Ewald urged that John used compound words in his Gospel, but th~t they nro not used i~ the Apo~alypse. Moses Stuart (p. 321) enume- rates twenty-six compound verbs which occur m both books-twenty or more peculiar to the Apocalypse, and ten or twelve to the Gospel and Epistle. Objectors have pressed the fact that "such favourite ,vords of the fourth evangelist ns 9,d.oµtz, and 9,,,,plr,, are displaced, and that we find in the Apocalypse op&,,, and {J11.{.,,,,,." 'l'he statement is mis- leading. Wherever John uses 9,d.oµu., in the Gospel, he means by it a steady and continuous contemplation-a verbal idea singularly inappropriate to the visions of the seer. Moreover, both the Gospel and the Apocalypse each make use of {J11.{.,.., sixteen times. The ,18011, so often used in the Apocalypse, frcqnently occurs in the Gospel. Li.!cke speaks of the absence from the Apocalyps~ of the "genitive absolute," a syntactical form common to the Gospel. This is partially trne; but Uev. xvii. 8 can hardly be explained on another princirle, and let it be noticed that though there ue fifteen cases of this construction in the Gospel, there arc none in the Ei ,istle. Much emphasis has been laid on the absence of certain words which are eapecially prominent in the Fourth Gospel, such a.s ,corrµos, tf,ws, cr,coTitz, and (w¾ a1C:.vws used in a moral sense. The nature of the two compositions is sufficient to explain the partial truth of this statement; but ,pws does occur in Rev. xviii. 23; xxi. 23, 24; xxii. 5; and (w¾ tz1wv,os, which is used by all New Testament writers, is in John's Gospel inter- changed with (w¾ without the adjective; and (w-q does occur in the .Apocalypse sixteen times. The presence of words in the .Apocalypse not found in the Gospel has also been urged. One of those which a.re especially pressed is ol,couµ.iV'7l. This word occurs in Matthew once; in Luke's writings, eiglit times; in Hebrews, twice; and three times only in the Apocalypse-as often, in fact, as the word ,cocrµos occurs, the absence of which is com- mented on. We find that ,ravTo,cp,hr,,p occurs nine times in association with Kvp,os e,&s. 'l'he term is used also by St. Paul (2 Cor. vi. 18), and in certain of St. Paul's writings we find peculiar expressions for the Deity, not occurring elsewhere (1 Tim. i. 17). Other peculiarities of grnmmar and. lexical usage may be easily cited. These are the most impressive, and they amount, in themselves, to a very feeble proof of diversity of authorship. In some instances, as we have seen, the conclusion is in favour of identity rather than divergence. \Ve will now proceed. (/3) The grammatical and lexical resemblances observable in the two documents. One great idea is expressed by the noun p.tzpTvpltz and the verb µapTUp{.,, in the sense of public testimony concerning the Lord Christ-public profession of belief in him. This is one of the key-words of the Gospel, where the verb occurs thirty-seven times, and in the Epistles twelve times; moreover, the noun is used twenty times in the Gospel and Epi~tles. They are sparingly used in other books-once in Matthew, eight or nine times in all the Pauline Epistles, more frequently in .Acts (twelve times) and the Epistle to the Hebrews, but in a different sense, while in the Apocalypse we find the verb used in the same sense four times and the noun nine times. N,,ciiv, in the sense of overcoming the evil of the world, occurs in very remarkable force in eh. xvi. 33, and six. times in the Epistle, and, in precisely the same sense, seventeen times in the Apocaiypse. No New 'l'e~tarnent Wl'iter except the author of the Gospel and tho Apocalypse uses the word 11,},s in the sense of human visage, or in any sense (eh. vii. 24; xi. 44; Rev. i. 16). T11p•w Tov 'A.o-yov is n phrase peculiar to the author of the Gospel, Epistles, and Apocalypse. It occurs seven times in the Gospel, once in the Epistles, and four times in the .Apocalypse; T7Jp•w ..-a.s iv-ro'A.d.s occurs twice in the Gospel, five times in the Epistle, and twice in the Apocalypse, and only once beside in a.II the New Testament. The tabernacling (cr1<71voiiv) of the Logos with men is found in eh, i. 14, and the same idea is given in the same word in Rev. vii. 15; xii. 12; xiii. 6; xxi. 3; and nowhere else. '!'he word crtpa.TTm occurs in 1 John iii. 12, 11,nd seven times in the Apocalypse; ,,.p,.,,.a,,.,w p.ETa. Twos (eh, vi. 66; Rev. iii. 4). 'l'he use of a-tppa"'/l(,w, in the sense of confirming, is seen iu eh. iii. 33 and Rev. vii. 'E/3paicrrl is found three times in the Gospel, twice in the Apocalypse, nnd nowhere else. Atz'A.•i" µ•Tel Twos occurs three times in the Go8pel, si.1.  lxi.l"iii INTRODUCTION TU