which St. Luke states the circumstauces. we perhaps may consider that St. Paul, in It is as follows. St. Paul had been two accorrlance with his cns~mary self-abne- years in imprisonment at Rome when St. gr.tion, is willing himself to Eeerr• iu his Luke compiled the Acts; tbat is, St. Luke disciple's narrative to have she.reel the.charge wrote the book about A.D. 63 or 64, twcnty- of " Hharp contention" with the older dis- t wo or twenty-three years after St. Paul me.de ciple, though the latter, being clearly ~u the tbiB first visit of his to Jerusalem. Barnabas wrong as to the ma~o question, may not un- appears in the story as a disciple (Acts iv., reasonably, in vi~w of the entire position, be fin.) some years apparently before even the supposed to have been the one to whom in convarsion of Saul. Considering, therefore, reality the censure of bitterness in the con- the lapse of time, it would seem a not at all duct of the dispute, principally 1it least, i.f i1,,probable •upposition that._ when the Acts not even entirely, attached, OH, L 1-24,] THE EPISTLE TO THE GALATIANS. 35
&nd told them what tho Lord ho.d dono with present case," as Professor Jowett remarks, me I" Wha.t more na.tural tbe.n tho.t Lnke "it is o. matter of life and death to the apostle had hee.rd Po.ul speaking thus, Bo.rno.bas's to prove bis independenco of the twelve." deo.r venerated form looming in. the far past And his independence of them is strongly before the apostle's view as the principo.l e"?°oed_ bJ'. the _fact th~t, for several years of objeot just then of reminiscence, the sur- his Chnst1an hfe, donng all which be was iounding figures in tho scene more indefi- preaching the same gospel as he now nitely realized I But when, years before preached, he bad not even seen any of them this, the apostle, Barno.bas being still 11.live, except Peter and James the Lord's brother hnd been writing to the Galo.tians, and with (if Jamee conld be r_eckoned as an apostle); solemn carefulness as speo.king in the sight and these only dunng a short visit of a of God, had set himself agonistically to state fortnight at Jerusalem some three years after the facts in their very exactness, of course his con version. there would result a precision which in those Ver. 21.-Afterwsrds I came into the tender reminiscences uttered to his bosom regions of Syria. and Cilicia. (h«-rcx ~,\6ov ,ls associate was not to be looked for. 'Ta, 1eAlJJ.a:ra. T1js- '2vplas ,cal T1)s Kt7'.udas); then Ver. 20.-Now the things whioh I write 1 came into the regi0718 of Syria and Oilicia. unto you (&. ~~ "YPcl.1/>., vµiv); now aa to the St. Luke tells us (Acts ix. 30) that "the things which I am writing to yoo. The brethren brought him down to Cmsarea, and looseness in the Greek of the connection of sent him forth to Tarsus." The verb "brought this clause with the words whioh follow is down" of itself indicates that the Cresarea. similar to what we find in the case of the here mentioned was Cmsarea Stratonis, the clause, -rau-ra &. e,.,p,i-r,, in Luke xxi. 6. The seaport of Jeruealem, and not Ciesarea pa.rticulo.r things meant are those which are Philippi towards Damascus (see Bishop affirmed in vexs. 15-19 and to the end of Lightfoot on Gal. i. 21). When, later, Bar- the cho.pter; points which the Galatians nabas required Saul's help at Antioch, it would hardly have become apprised of except was to Tarsus that he went to seek him. upon the apostle's own testimony. What It is, therefore, probable that, in mention-, preceded in vers. 13, 14 they had become ing "Syria" with "Cilicia" as containing acquainted with before, on the testimony of "regions" (cf. Rom.xv. 23; 2 Cor. xi. 10) in others (" Ye have heard," ver. 13). Behold, which, after this departure from Jerusalem, before God, I lie not (loov, ~v~mov -roii ®•ou, he we.s actively engaged in ministerial work. 8n ob ,j,,vooµa,); behold, before God, 11erily I he is thinking of the northern part of Syria,, lie not. The use here of 8n, which in as in "Cilicia" be is thinking of the eastern 11 verily " is po.raphrased rather than trans- portion of Cilicia. about Tarsus ; northern lated, in this 11.s well as in several other Syria and eastern Cilicia having a great passsi:es of solemn asseveration (2 Cor. i. geographical affinity (see Conybeare and 18; xi. 10; possibly Rom. ix. 2), savours Howson, vol. i. pp. 26, 130). It thus ap- strongly of Hebraism, being very probably pears that the Epistle is in perfect harmony identical with it.s use for •:;i, the Hebrew with the Acts. To the apostle's labours " that," in the Septuagint, e.g. in Isa. xlix. during this period that he was mn.king 18, ZW E-yrf,, >..bye, K6p,os, 8T, 1rclv-rcis aln·oUs •.rarsus his head-quarters, we.s most probably ws KOO'µov lvoVO"(I, So in St. Paul's inexact due in no small measure the founuiug of the citation in Rom. xiv. 11. On this use of the Churches in Syria, and eJU)tcially in Cilicia, Hebrew conjunction, see Gesenius, 'Thea.,' which are referred to in Acts xv. 23, 41. p. 678, B, 1, o., who observes that in such Vers. 22-2-l:.-It is somewhat difficult cases there is an evident ellipsis of some to determine, and when determined to mo.ke such verb as "I protest,'' "I swear." The evident in translation, the precise flexure in apostle was frequently led by the gainsaying the intonation (so to speak) of these verses. of adversaries vitally affecting bis official So far as the present writer can see, it is or personal character, to have recourse to this: the o~ in ver. 22 is slightly aclversu- forms of the most solemn asseveration. In tive to the foregoing sentence; as if it were, addition to the pussages cited above, see 2 " During that Lime the people of Syria and Cor. i. 23; xi. 31 ; Hom. i. 9; Phil. i. 8; Cilicia saw a great deal of me, hut the 1 Thess. ii. 5; 1 Tim. ii. 7. If, as Alford Churches of Judrea did not see me at all." in effect observes, a report had been spree.d The o~ in ver. 23 introduces a contrast to among the Galatians that, after his conver- the foregoing "unknown by face;" as if it sion, he had spent years e.t J eruse.lem, re- were," 'l'bey knew me not by face, but only ceiTing instruction in the faith at the hands by report." The rendering to be now given of the apostles, the facts which he he.a now will endeavour to represent this viow of the stated would have seemed to his readers so whole pnssage. astoundingly in contradiction to the impres- Ver. 22.-And was unknown by face (~µ 11 v sion which they had received, as to require o~ ""Yvoovµ,vo< -r~ 1rpoa-C:nrcp) ; b"t 1 was all o. strong ooniirmatory o.ssevomtion. "In the the while unknown by face. '!'he dutive 3G THE EPIS'fLE TO THE GALATIANS. [OH, I, 1-24,