The Pulpit Commentary — Galatians — Section 291

ia tbo eeeenoe of goodness-is, strangely or "rivalry," would seem to be tbe more enough as H o.t first eight seems, most prominent notion in the word; but in others readily stimulated into rancour by differ- it appears to mean rather "jealousy;" in ences in religion. As at this very same time some the so.me as m Acts v. 17 or xiii. 45. e.t Corinth, so here in Gale.tie. likewise, the The next word Buµ,ol, wrathe, denotes "flesh" displayed its me.lignity in" jee.loney, violent ebullitions of paesiona.te anger; the strife, and divisions (vjAo• ,cal lpu ,cid plural pointing to different OOOM1ions prompt- 11,xoO''TiiO'la,)," originating from this oe.nse ing such. The following term, lp,9eia, (ren- (1 Cor. iii. 3). "Enmities;" manifestations of dered "factions"), was formerly imagined aversion openly disple.ying itself. "Strife;" to be etymologically connected with lp .., the outward mutual .conflict of penons e.ni- strife-a notion which is now generally ma.ted with such sentiments. The plural abandoned. The verb from which it is de- number of lp« .., strifes, given _by the rived, lp,8e6w, ie to act the part of an lp,Oos, 'fextus Receptus, as well e.s, perhaps, the day-labourer, the noun signifying "labour pluro.l of (?)Ao,, jealousies, which not for hire;" then, scheming or intriguing improbe.bly should also ·be read in the for a post of employment; and next," party- singular, (?)Ao,, jealousy, may have owed action;• u the contentions spirit of faction." its introduction by the copyists to the In the New Testament it occurs six times plural number of lxBpa,, which is not ques- besides here. In Rom. ii. 8, -ro,s 6l- •f tioned. The precise import of (,;Ao,, ren- lp,Belas (Authorized Version, " them who dered "jealousy," is not easily determined. are contentious"), it appears to denote those It is spoken of ae a virtue in John ii. 17, who eet themselves in factious opposition to "the zeal of thine house;" Rom. x. 2, "zeal the truth, the apostle having no doubt for God;" Phil. iii. 6, "touching zeal, per- especially in his eye Jewish gainsayers of secuting the Church;" 2 Cor. vii. 7, "your the gospel In Phil. i. 16, "some preach fervent mind [or, 'your zeal'] for me;" ibid., Christ•! lp,Bela,," it points to factious oppo- ver. 11, "what zeal." But in perhaps all sition to Christ's divinely appointed heralds. these cases, the ardent favouring of what is In Phil. ii. 3, "let nothing be done ,car good is thought of as either ready to take, lp18ela11," the same sense of factious oppo- or actually taking, the aspect of boiling sition to others is quite suitable. In the resentment age.inst its assailants; thus also remaining passages, 2 Cor. xii. 20, where Heb. x. 27 (" fiery indignation," Authorized (,j}l.01, Buµ.ol, lp,Be'iai, come together BB they Version), Ii tera.lly," zeal of fire." So in eh. i.14, do here, and Jae. iii. 14-16, where, as "zealous;" comp. Exod. xx. 5, a,b, (11}1.orr1,,, above noted, it is conjoined with (T)Aov, the "jealous God" (Authorized Version): Heb. notion of " factioill!ness," or " faction," per- iil qannii.. To this: line of meaning ie to be fectly satisfies the context. In the present referred Acts v. 17, "filled with indig- passage the plural, lp18,,a., denotes factious nation ((1,Aou)." In another class of pas- feelings roused on behalf of this canse and sages the word denotes a wrong state of that; 11ucb sentiments as are likely to even- feeling, where in the Authorized Version tuate in 6,xoO'-raO'ia,, divisions, that is, it ie uniformly rendered "envy" or "envy- more distinctly formed parties " standing ing." These are Acts xiii. 45 (Revised apart" from each other; whilst these agaiu Version," jealousy"), where it surely means culminate in alp<O'ea,. The noun o,xoO'Ta- the resentment which the Jews felt at the O'la, occurs also in 1 Cor. iii. 3, where they supposed invasion of their. own theocratio are spoken of as indicative of a fleshly mind, prerogatives. In the remaining passages of and in Rom. xvi. 17, "Mark them which the New Testament in which it occurs it is cause divisions and (O',c&:voaAa) occasions of linked either with "strife," ae it ie here; stumbling." We may regard this word as namely, Rom. xiii. 13; 1 Cor. iii. 3: 2 Cor: standing in the same relation to a.lp<O'm as xii. ;20; or with lp16ell,., as Jae. iii. 14, 16. the O'XIO'µ.a-ra, "divisions," or " schisms," do In these passages there does not eeem any which are mentioned in l Cor. xi. 18, "When reason on the face of them for euppoeing that yo come together in the Church, I hear that it means "envy," that is, grudging to an- divisions exist among you: and I partly other some advantage; this iu Greek is believe it; for there must be also heresies cp8&vo~. A more probable view ie that (,;Ao• among you." In endeavouring to o.scertaiu denotes eagerness to find in another some the exact import of this last wvrd (alp<O'rn), ground for hot resentment against him. "heresies," we must first ascertain the sense Perhaps we have no single equivalent word in which a1p,O'is was currently need before m our language, '.' jealousy " being the it was employed to desoribe phenomena nearest approach. ln the Epistle of Cle- appearing iu the Ohurch. The proper sense ment of Rome to the Corinthians, ob. 4-6, of" choice" was in this word often limited we have a long list of instances given of to the specifio sense of " choice of views," persons who- have suffered through being particularly in philosophy or religion: that objects of (,j}l.o,: in many of them "envy," is, i\ meant "we.ye of thinking;" and then, GALATIANS. s  258 THE EPISTLE TO THE GALATIANS.