20; 2 Pel ii. I), or tli9 doctrines taught by whither he sent Tychicna to tRlce Timothy'■ a soot. The here& is one who fo1'8Bkes the ple.<'e (2 Tim. iv. 11, 12). He woulcl not truth held by the Church, e.nd ch008es some le11ve the presbyters in either pince without doctrine of hi• own devising (afp«m). The the dir,_,ction e.nd superi ..tendence of one tendency of such departures from the doo- having bis delegRted npostolic authority. trine of the Chnrch to e.ssume more e.nd This led t,o the fine.I plaoing of e. resident more of R doodly cbe.racter, e.nd to depe.rt bishop in the Churches, such &S we fin:1 in widf'r and wider from the truth, ga._e to the the SL"cond century. We mny conclude thu.t 11e.me of herl'tic a de.rker shade of condem- Artemas (otherwise unknown) was the per- ne.tion in the mouth of Church writers 1111 son eventually sent to Crete, e.s Tyobioue time wlvanced. But e,•en in e.postolic times (Col. iv. 7) we know went to Ephesus (2 some denied the resurredion (2 Tim. ii. 11, Tim. iv. 12). We have also e.n important I 2); others denied the Lord the.t bought note of time in this expression, showing them (2 Pet. ii. l); e.nd there were some ckarly tbo.t this Epistle was written before who were of the eyne.gogue of Satan (Rev. the Second Epistle to Timothy (as it pro- ii. 9) ; so that e.lready e.n hcretice.l me.n, bably e.lso we.s before 1 Timotby)-an infer- drawing e.wRy disciples e.fter him, was e. ence e.bunda.ntly corroborated by 2 Tim. iv. great blot in the Cburoh. Admonition (vo11- 10, by which it uppears tbnt Titus be.d then 1J«ria); &S l Cor. :it. 11 ; Eph. vi. 4. .&.rter actually joined St. Paul, either e.t Nicopolis e. flm e.nd seoond e.dmonition refnse ( 1rapa,- or elsewhere, and had started off a.go.in to -ro v); see I Tim. iv. 7; v. ll. It does not De.lme.tie.. Give diligenoe ( u1roo81&uov) ; 2 clee.rly e.ppee.r what is intended by this Tim. ii. 15, note; iv. 9, 21. Nicopolis, in term. In l Tim. v. 11 it meant refusing Epirns. The most obvious reason for St. admission into the college of Church widows. Paul's wintering at Nicopolis is tl,a.t it wo.s If these bad been persons seeking e.dmission near Apollonie., the harbour opposite Brin- into the Church, or ordination, it would mean disium, which would be his way to Rome, "refuse them." Vitringa. (Huther) thinks it e.ud also well situated for the missionary mee.ns "e:i:commnnica.tion." Beza., Ellicott, work in Da.lmatia, which we learn from 2 Hnther, Alford, etc., render it" shun," "let Tim. iv. 10 we.s in hand. Nicopolis (the city a.lone," "cesse t,o admonish," and the like. of victory) we.s built by Augustus Cmse.r Ver. 11.-Such a one for 1,e that ill ruck, to commemorate the great nave.I victory A.V.; perverted for su/n,erwd, A.V.; self- a.t Actium over Antony. It is now a. com- condemned for enndemned of himself, A. V. plete ruin, uninhabited except by e. few la perverted ( •!•u-rpa'll"Tt1.1); only here in the shepherds, but with vast remains of broken New Testament, hut common in the LXX., columns, be.the, theatres, etc. (Lewin, vol. and found in cl.a.ssi.ca.l Greek in e. ma.teria.l ii. p. 253). To winter (1rap1&x<1µclua,); Acts sense, " to turn inside ont," " to root up," uvii. 12 ; xxviii. 11 ; 1 Cor. xvi. 6. (On e.nd the like. Here it means the complete the question whether the winter here re- perversion of the man's Christian character, ferred to is the same winter IL8 that men- so as to leave no hope of his e.mendrnenl tioned in 2 Tim. iv. 21, B<'e Introduction.) But this is not t,o be pre8111Ded till e. first Ver. 13.-Set f=ard tor bring, A.V. e.nd second admonition have been given in Bet forward (,rpo,.-.µ,j,ov); the technical ex- vain. Self - condemned ( alrroKa-ra.,cp,-ros) ; pression both in the New Testament e.nd only here in the New Testament, not found the LXX., e.nd also in classice.l Greek, for in the LXX. nor in cl&Ssica.l Greek. It helping a person forwa.r,l on their journey means what Cicero (quoted by Schleusner) by supplying them with money, food, letters uys of C. Fe.bricins, that be we.s BOO judicio of recommendation, escort, or whatever else condemnatUA, oondemned by his own judg- they might require (see Acts xv. 3; xx. 38; ment, which, he uys, is a. heavier condemna- ui. 5 ; Rom. xv. 24; l C-or. xvi. 6; 2 Cor. tion than even that of the la. w e.nd of the i. 16; 3 John 6). Zene.s the lawyer. He is jndges (' Pro Cluentio,' 21, at the end). utterly unknown. His name is short for Fe.bricius we.s self-condemned because he ZenodorUA, but whether be was "e. Jewish he.d left the court in confusion at a. critical scribe or Roman legist" ce.n hardly be de- pa.rt of bis trial So the heretics were self- cided. But his companionship with A polios, condemned by the very fact that they con- e.nd the frequent application of the term tinued to head the schism after repeated voµ,Kos in the New Testament to the Jewish e.dmonitioU's. scribes e.nd lawyers (Matt. uii. 35; Luke Ver. 12.-Git'I! diligenu for be duigent, vii. 30 ; x. 25; xi 45, 48, 52; xiv. 3), makes A.V.; there I haf!e d.et.ermined for 1 /l(lr,e it most probable that he wae e. Jewish determined there, A. V. When I &ha.11 aend lawyer. .&polios; the well-known e.nd emi- .&rteme.s, etc. The action of St. Paul in nent Alexandrian Jew, who was instructed sending Art.emu or Tychicus to take the in the gospel by Aquila u.nd Priscilla. a.t ple.oe of Titns in Crete ia ellCtly the same Epheeus, and became e. favourite teacher e.t e.s he punued with regard to Ephesus, Corinth (Acts niii. 24; :a:ix. 1; 1 Cor. i. 12, on. 111. 1-16.) THE EPISTLE TO TITUS.
and the following ohaptere, and xvi. 12). neoeuary u1e■ ( •'• -rln &va-,,1ealu xp•(cu); It is a probable conjecture of Lewin'• that such as the wants of the missionaries (comp. A polios was the hearer of this letter, written 3 ,John 5, 6; see also Rom. xii. 13; Phil. ii. at Corinth, and wns on his way to Alexan- 25; iv. 16,elc.). Tbephl'Rllllmeana"nrgent dria, his native plo.ce, taking Crete on the necessities," the " indispensable wants." way. In clasaical Greek -r& &v11-,,1ea,a are " the Ver. 14.-Our people for our,, A.V. Our necessaries of life." That they be not IID• people also. The natural inference is that fruitful (6.Ka.,nro,); comp. 2 Pet. i. 8 and Titus hnd some fund at bis disposal with Col. i. 6, 10. which he was to help the travellers, but that Ver. 15.-Salute for greet, A.V.; faith for St. Paul wished the Creten Christians to th,,.faith, A.V. That love ua in faith has no contribute also. But it may also mean, as sense. "The Faith" is right (aee l Tim. i. Huther suggests, "Let our Christians learn 2, note). Grace be with you all. So, with to do what Jews do, and even heathens too, sli~ht varieties, end St. Paul's other Epistles. viz. provide for the real wan ls of their own." Tl,e T.R. has ..tmea, as have most of the To maintain good works (ver. 8, note) for other Epiatlea.