poreal things, as our abstractions, space, time, etc., have merely an existence in our thoughts ; so all that I'eally exists can only be known through the senses." ^ This judgment, however, is modified by what he gays elsewhere. It is very plain that the later Stoics, especially among the Latins, as Seneca and Marcus Aurelius, re- garded the general principle which animated matter as having all the attributes of mind. On this point Dollinger says, " The two principles, matter and power, are to the Stoics but one and the same thing viewed in different relations. Matter required for its existence a principle of unity to give it form and keep it together ; and this, the active element, is inconceivable without matter, as a subject in and on which it exists and dwells, and in which it works and moves. Thus, the positive element is matter; yet conceived without properties ; the active one, running through and quicken- ing all, is God in matter. But in truth, God and matter are iden- tical ; in other words, the Stoic doctrine is hylozoic Pantheism." " God is, therefore, the world-soul, and the world itself no aggre- gate of independent elements, but an organized, living being, whose complement and life is a single soul, or primal fire, exhibiting divers degrees of expansion and heat God, then, in his physi- cal aspect, is the world-fire, or vital heat, all-penetrating, the one only cause of all life and all motion, and, at the same time, the necessity that rules in the world : but, on the other side, as the universal cause can only be a soul full of intelligence and wisdom, he is the world-intelligence, a blest being, and the author of the moral law, who is ever occupied with the government of tiie world, although he is precisely this world itself." ^ " The one substance is God and nature together, of which all that comes into being, and ceases to be, all generation and dissolution, are mere modifica- tions. Seneca explains Zeus or God's being at once the world and the world's soul by pointing to man, who feels himself to be a single being and yet again as one consisting of two substances, body and soul." ^
The Stoics adopted the Hindu doctrine of the dissolution of all things, and the redevelopment of God in the world, after long successive periods. " In the great conflagration which takes place after the expiration of a world period or great year," all organized beings will be destroyed, all multiplicity and differ- ence be lost in God's unity ; which means, all will become ether again. But forthwith, like the phoenix recovering life from his own ashes, the formation of the world begins afresh ; God trans-
1 The Gentile and the Jew, vol. i. p. 349. '■* Ibid. pp. 349-350. 3 Ibid. p. 350