Council of Lampsacus.
365.
Spring.
Valens at Antioch. Renewal of Arian persecutions.
May 5.
Rescript arrives at Alexandria for expulsion of Athanasius.
Oct. 5.
Athanasius retires to his country house.
Sep. 28.
Revolt of Procopius at CP.
366.
Feb. 1.
Athanasius officially restored.
May 21.
Defeat of Procopius.
July 21.
Cæsareum burnt at Alexandria.
367.
Sep. 24.
Attempt of Lucius to enter Alexandria.
368.
Sep. 22.
Athanasius begins his Memorial Church.
370.
Aug. 7.
Memorial Church dedicated.
Correspondence between Athan. and Basil begins.
371.
Deputation of the Marcellians of Ancyra to Athanasius.
372.
Two books against Apollinarianism.
373.
May 2-3.
Death of Athanasius.
A table of the Egyptian months, and a table of the date of Easter, &c., in each year of the episcopate of Athanasius, will be given at the end of the introduction to the collection of Letters at the close of this volume (p. 501 sq.). A list of the consuls of each year is given in the Festal Index.
II. Synoptical Table of the Bishops of the Chief Sees.
And of the principal Councils held, during the lifetime of Athanasius.
N.B.--The names of bishops in italics are open to doubt regarding their date.
An asterisk prefixed to a bishop's name means that he was elected when the see was not de facto vacant (the case of Ursinus of Rome in 366 is not free from doubt).
after the name of a synod indicates that although not formally Arian it was held under the influence of Eusebius of Nicomedia.
* denotes a synod more or less implicated in Arianism by its creeds (N.B. no creed at Arles or Milan, 353-355).
** denote a formally Arian synod.
Semi-Arian' synods are printed in italics.
Emperor
Rome
Alexandria
Antioch
Constantinople
Synods
W.
E.
301. Peter
305. Galerius
305. Illiberis
306. Constantine
307. Licinius
309. Eusebius
308-313. Maximin
310. Melchiades
312. Achillas
313. Alexander
313. Rome
314. Silvester (d. 335)
314. Arles
314? Ancyra
315? Neo-Cæsarea
319. Philogonius.
Paulinus
320? Alexander
321. Alexandria
323. Constantine, sole Augustus
c. 324. Eustathius
324. Alexandria
325. Nicæa
328. Athanasius
330. Paulinus?'
[330. Constantinople' made the new Rome]
330. Antioch
Eulalius
332. Euphronius
333. Flacillus (or Placitus)
334. Cæsarea
335. Tyre and Jerusalem
336. Mark
336. Paul (d. 350?)
336. CP.
337. Constantine II. (d. 340). Constans (d. 350)
Constantius
337. Julius
338. *Pistus
337? *Eusebius (d. 341-2)
339. *Gregory
339&40. Antioch
340. Rome
340. Gangra
341. Antioch*
342. Stephen
342. *Macedonius
Sardica
343. Philippopolis*
344. Leontius
344. Antioch*
345. Milan
347. Sirmium I*
350. Constantius, sole Augustus
351. Sirmium II*
352. Liberius
353. Arles*
355. Milan*
357. *Felix
357. *George
357. Eudoxius
357. Sirmium III**
358. Ancyra
359. *Anianus
359. Sirmium IV*
Ariminum* Seleucia*
360. *Eudoxius
360. CP**
361. Julian
361. Meletius
*Euzoius
362. *Paulinus (schism).
362. Alexandria
362. Laodicea??
363. Jovian
363. Antioch
364. Valentinian Valens
364. Lampsacus
366. Damasus (d. 384)
366-7. *Ursinus
367. *Lucius
367. Tyana
370. Demophilus [Evagrius]
373. Peter
375. Gratian (d. 383)
Valentinian II. (d. 392)
379. Theodosius
Appendix.
------------------------
The Civil and Military Government of Egypt in the Lifetime of Athanasius.
The name Egypt in the fourth century was applied firstly to the diocese' or group of provinces governed by the Præfectus Ægypti or Præfectus Augustalis,' secondly to the Delta or Ægyptus Propria, one of the provinces of which the diocese was made up. These provinces (Ammian. Marc. XXII. xvi.) were originally three in number: Egypt proper, Libya, and the Thebais. During our period they became five, firstly by the separation of the Eastern Delta from Egypt proper under the name of Augustamnica in 341 (infr. pp. 130, 504, note 17a); secondly by the subdivision of Libya (at an uncertain date) into Hither Libya (Libya Inferior,' or Siccior'), and the Pentapolis or Libya Superior of which Ptolemais was the capital. At a later date still the Heptanomis was separated from Ægyptus' under the name of Arcadia, given in honour of the Emperor Arcadius. These then are the six provinces which make up Egypt' in the Notilia (shortly after a.d. 400). Each province, with the exception of Augustamnica, whose governor enjoyed the title of corrector,' was under a præses (hegoumenos): not one of the six was of consular rank. This regulation was due to the peculiar constitution of the diocese or province of Egypt in the wider sense. At the head of this latter, and subordinate in rank, though scarcely second in dignity, to the Comes Orientis, was the Prefect of Egypt, who enjoyed an exceptional position among the greater provincial officers. He appears to have been, at least in practice, directly under the Præfectus Prætorio per Orientem, the supreme civil representative of Augustus' throughout the Eastern Empire. The title Præfectus had in fact a different history as applied to the Prefect of the East and the Prefect of Egypt respectively. As applied to the latter, it was as old as Augustus. The importance of Egypt, mainly but not solely as a granary of Rome, had led the politic heir of Julius Cæsar to ensure its complete and peculiar dependence on the emperor. For this object, its government was committed to a nominee of the emperor, who must be not a Senator but an Eques only; i.e. he must never have held one of the great offices of state from Consul to quæstor. No one of senatorial rank was to be permitted to set foot in Egypt. (For the prerogatives of the præfectus Ægypti under Augustus see Tacitus Ann. xii. 60. also Ulp. Digest. I. xvii.). This arrangement survived the various vicissitudes of Egypt in the third century, and even the reorganisation of the Empire by Diocletian. Egypt was severed off between 365 and 386 from the Eastern Diocese' (Sievers, p. 117, appealing to Mommsen in Abhandl. der Berliner Akad. 1862). Upon the above facts was founded the (perhaps merely popular) title Augustalis' which we find already applied to the Prefect of Egypt about a.d. 350 (infr. p. 143, cf. p. 93 note). But Sievers (ubi supr.), following Mommsen, contends that there is reason to think that the dignity of Augustal' Prefect was officially created about a.d. 367. This view cannot be adequately discussed here, but it rests only in part upon the series of governors furnished by the Festal Index.
From that document we learn that the prefect of Egypt' in the wider sense in almost every case held also the office of governor' of Egypt in the narrower sense. The exceptions noted by Sievers (§14) are in most cases based on the errors of Larsow. But in 365 Flavianus is governor' only, next year Prefect' also: his successors Proclianus and Tatianus are each governor' only (366-7), but the latter is Prefect in 368, and governor' only in 369-70, as also is Palladius, 370-371, who is yet succeeded by Olympius as Prefect.' These variations may be due merely to careless use of language, or possibly to some change about the time referred to.
The list of prefects of Egypt is fuller than any that exists for a Roman province over so long a period, and on the whole it is in the highest degree trustworthy. But there are one or two drawbacks to take account of. Firstly, there are the discrepancies between the Index iii., vi., vii., and the headings to the corresponding letters (see notes). Also, the heading to Letter x. presupposes a change of governor in the previous year of which the Index tells us nothing. Again, a letter of Julian's (No. 23) is addressed to a Hermogenes, governor of Egypt' for whom it is difficult to find room in the following list at the date required (end of 361, when Gerontius was prefect). Julianus, uncle of the Emperor, if not disguised under the name Italicianus (see below), possibly ruled Egypt (Jul. Ep. 11), as Comes Orientis, which office he held in 362. On the other hand the Olympus of Index xxxiv., and the Ecdikius of Julian, Epp. 6, 50, and Cod. Theod. xv. i. 8, are probably one and the same (Sievers, p. 124).
The Military command of Egypt was now in the hand of the dux,' who had the disposal of the troops in Egypt proper; those of Libya and of the Thebais were, at any rate later on, entrusted to separate duces.' In the Notitia, while the two latter duces' remain, the Dux Ægypti is replaced by a higher official, entitled the Comes Rei Militaris per Ægyptum.' But this belongs to a later date. In the time of Athanasius Counts' appear in Egypt only as extraordinary or special commissioners whose authority is exercised concurrently with that of the Dux, as, e.g., Count Heraclianus or Heraclius (infr. pp. 290, 292), whose commission runs parallel with the command of the new dux' Sebastianus; and Count Asterius (p. 289), who was in Egypt when Felicissimus was Duke.'
We now give a list of the governors and dukes of Egypt, with references to the Festal Index: these must also be supplemented by the general index to this volume:--
(1) Prefect and Governor.
328, 329. Septimius Zenius (Index i., Heading i.).
330. Magninianus (Index ii., Heading ii.).
331. Hyginus (or Eugenius,' Index iii.), but Florentius (Heading iii.).
332. Hyginus (Heading iv. and Index iv.).
333. Paternus (Heading v. and Index v.).
334, 335. Paternus (Index), but Philagrius (Heading iv., v.).
336-7. Philagrius (Index viii., ix.).
338. Theodorus (Index x.), superseded by Philagrius (Heading x.).
339, 340. Philagrius (Index xi., xii., Heading xi.).
341-343. Longinus (Index xiii.-xv., Headings xiii., xiv., and cf. Cod. Th. XVI. ii. 10, 11, correcting date by Sievers, p. 114).
344. Palladius of Italy (Index xvi.).
345-352. Nestorius of Gaza (Index xvii.-xxiv., Headings xvii.-xx., also infr. pp. 218, 219, notes, &c.).
353, 354. Sebastianus of Thrace (Index xxv., xxvi.).
355, 356. Maximus the elder' of Nicæa (Index xxvii., xxviii., and see pp. 246, 301).
356, 7. Cataphronius (Index xxviii., xxix.; he arrived on June 10, 356, see p. 290, note 9; also cf. Liban. Epp. 434, 435).
357-359. Parnassius (Index xxix., xxxi., cf. for the latter year Amm. Marc. XIX., xii.).
359. (For 3 months only) Italicianus of Italy,' perhaps for Julianus (so Siev., p. 121, cf. Index xxxi.).
359-361. Faustinus (Index xxxi.-xxxiii., cf. p. 291?).
361, 362. Gerontius (Index xxxiii., xxxiv., Liban. Epp. 294, 295, 547, 548).
362, 363. Ecdikius Olympus (Index xxxiv., xxxv., cf. remarks above).
364. Hierius or Aerius (Index xxxvi., Sievers, Leben des Libanius, Appendix A).
364. Maximus (Index ib., Liban. Ep. 1050, written in July or Aug.), for a short time only.
364-366. Flavianus (Index xxxvi., xxxviii., Liban. Ep. 569, supr. ch. v. §3, k).
366, 367. Proclianus (Index xxxviii., xxxix.).
367-370. Tatianus (Index xxxix., xlii., see Gibbon ch. xxix. and notes 6-8, for references).
370, 371. Olympius Palladius (Index xlii., xliii.).
371-373. Aelius Palladius (Index xliii.-xlv., Socr. iv. 21, &c.).
(2) Dux Ægypti.
Our materials for this list are very scanty, but we can verify the following:--
340 and 345. Balacius or Valacius (pp. 219, 273, &c.).
350. Felicissimus (p. 289).
356. (Jan. and Feb.) Syrianus (Index xxviii., &c.).
356. (Apparently after Midsummer, cf. p. 292 with 290.) Sebastianus (successor of Syrianus,' Ep. Ammon. 21); he remains till after 358 (cf. Siev. p. 125 for references to letters of Libanius).
360. Artemius (succ. of Sebastianus,' ib., Index xxxii., Letter 53. note 1).
365, 366. Victorinus (ch. v. §3, k).
367, 368. Traianus (Index xxxix., Sievers, pp. 146, sq.).
On the matters dealt with in this appendix, consult Mommsen, Provinces (Eng. Tra.), ii., pp. 233, 246; the Notitia (ed. Panciroli, Genev., 1623, Böcking, Bonn, 1839-1853, Seeck, Berlin, 1876); Gibbon, ch. xvii.; Marquardt, Röm. Staats-verwaltung, vol. i.; and Kuhn, Die städtische, &c., Verfassung des R. Reiches, vol. ii.; also Sievers on the Hist. Aceph. (supr. ch. i., §3).
On the Egyptian bishoprics, see, in addition to Le Quien, a Coptic list of sees in De Rougé, Géographie de la Basse-Egypte, Paris, 1891, which came out too late to be used for this volume.