[4689] The founder of the schism which afterwards bore the name of Novatian was Novatus, a presbyter of Carthage who went to Rome (about a.d. 250) and there co-operated with Novatianus, one of the most distinguished of the clergy of that city. The Novatianists, whose doctrines were near akin in many respects to those of Montanists, assumed the name of Cathari, or Puritans.
[4690] Heb. vi. 9.
[4691] James i. 12 sq.
[4692] Ecclus. xxvii. 5.
[4693] Ecclus. ii. 1.
[4694] James i. 22 sq.
[4695] James ii. 10.
[4696] Rom. xi. 32.
[4697] 2 Pet. ii. 9.
[4698] 2 Pet. ii. 17, 18.
[4699] Prov. xvi. 5. Sept.
[4700] Apoc. ii. 2 sq.
[4701] Matt. xi. 13.
[4702] 1 Cor. x. 11.
[4703] Ps. xxvi. 1, 2.
[4704] Ps. li. 1.
[4705] 2 Chron. xxxiii. 12, 13.
[4706] 2 Kings xxiii. 29 sq. 2 Chron. xxxv. 20 sq.
[4707] Zech. iii. 1 sq.
[4708] Numb. xx. 13; Ps. cvi. 32.
[4709] Job v. 17.
[4710] Job vii. 1.
[4711] Jerome blends two passages, Is. xiv. 12 (in which the Sept. reading is "that sendest to;" R.V. "didst lay low") and Ezek. xxviii. 13 sq. In the passage from Isaiah the king of Babylon is compared to Lucifer, i.e. the shining one, the morning star, whose movements the Babylonians had been the first to record. See Sayce, Fresh Light from the Ancient Monuments, p. 178, and Cheyne's Isaiah. The subject of Ezekiel's prophecy is the Prince of Tyre.
[4712] S. Luke x. 18.
[4713] Job xl. 16, 21. R.V. "He lieth under the lotus trees, in the covert of the reed and the fen."
[4714] Job xli. 34. Sept. R.V. "King over the sons of pride."
[4715] Job xli. 13 sq. R.V. for the latter part of the verse has "Round about his teeth is terror, his strong scales are his pride." Jerome's words are not found in the existing Septuagint.
[4716] The Septuagint omits much in this portion of the Book of Job.
[4717] xli. 27.
[4718] That is, deriving jumenta from juvo. The derivation, however, is from jungo.
[4719] Ps. viii. 5 sq.
[4720] The Italian beccafico.
[4721] Rom. xiv. 20; 1 Tim. iv. 5.
[4722] 1 Tim. iv. 3.
[4723] Castum. Another reading is Cossum i.e. wood-worms, which were considered a delicacy in Pontus and Phrygia. The reading Castum is supported by Tert., De Iejun. cap. 16: In nostris xerophagiis blasphemias ingerens. Casto Isidis et Cybeles eos adæquas. Compare Arnob. Bk. V., and Jerome's Letter cvii. ad Lætam c. 10, and below c. 7.
[4724] See note on p. 383.
[4725] That is, of Side in Pamphylia. He lived in the reigns of Hadrian and Antoninus Pius, a.d. 117-161. Only two fragments remain of his Greek poem in forty-two books.
[4726] He appears to be Flavius the Grammarian to whom reference is made in the Book on Illustrious Men, chap. 80:--Firmianus, qui et Lactantius, Arnobii discipulus, sub Diocletiano principe accitus cum Flavio grammatico, cujus de Medicinalibus versu compositi exstant libri, etc.
[4727] Born a.d. 23. His Historia Naturalis embraces astronomy, meteorology, geography, mineralogy, zoölogy, and botany, and comprises according to the author's own account 20,000 matters of importance drawn from 2,000 volumes.
[4728] A native of Cilicia, who probably lived in the second century of the Christian era. He was a Greek physician and wrote a treatise on Materia Medica, in 5 books, which is still extant.
[4729] 2 Cor. xii. 14.
[4730] 2 Cor. iv. 16.
[4731] Phil. i. 23.
[4732] Rom. xiii. 14.
[4733] Matt. x. 9, xix. 21; Mark vi. 8.
[4734] Matt. xix. 21.
[4735] 1 Cor. xv. 85.
[4736] 1 Cor. vi. 13.
[4737] That is, the wood-worm just referred to.
[4738] Pannonia, of which Valens also was a native.
[4739] This name, which signifies dwellers in caves, was applied by Greek geographers to various peoples, but especially to the uncivilized inhabitants of the west coast of the Red Sea, along the shores of Upper Egypt and Æthiopia. The whole coast was called Troglodytice.
[4740] In 376 the Goths were driven out of their country by the Huns. They were allowed by Valens to cross the Danube, but war soon broke out and the emperor was defeated with great slaughter on Aug. 9, 378.
[4741] The Sarmatians dwelt on the N. E. of the Sea of Azov, E. of the river Don.
[4742] They were located in the S. E. of Germany.
[4743] The name given to the great confederacy of German peoples who in a.d. 409 traversed Germany and Gaul, and invaded Spain. In 429 they conquered all the Roman dominions in Africa, and in 455 they plundered Rome. Their kingdom was destroyed by Belisarius in 535.
[4744] A people of Central Asia. Cyrus the Great was slain in an expedition against them.
[4745] On the Oxus near its entrance into the Caspian Sea.
[4746] An agricultural people on the W. coast of Pontus.
[4747] Hyrcania was a province of the Persian Empire, on the S. and S. E. shores of the Caspian or Hyrcanian Sea. Jerome draws many of these details from the treatise of Porphyry Peri apoches empsuchion.
[4748] Antinous was drowned in the Nile. a.d. 122. The emperor's grief was so great that he enrolled his favourite amongst the gods, caused a temple to be erected to his honour at Mantinea, and founded the city of Antinoopolis.
[4749] Ter. Eunuch. iv. 5, 6.
[4750] Jer. ix. 21.
[4751] An Egyptian perfuming powder.
[4752] Probably an ointment made from the grape of the wild vine.
[4753] The celebrated Cynic philosopher. He died at Corinth, at the age of nearly 90, b.c. 323.
[4754] Academia was a piece of land on the Cephisus about three-quarters of a mile from Athens, originally belonging to the hero Academus. Here was a Gymnasium with plane and olive plantations, etc. Plato had a piece of land in the neighbourhood; here he taught, and after him his followers, who were hence called Academici. Cicero called his villa Academia.
[4755] Flourished about b.c. 320. Though heir to a large fortune he renounced it all, and lived and died as a true Cynic. He was called the "door-opener," because it was his practice to visit every house at Athens and rebuke its inmates.
[4756] A common form of Gnostic error revived many centuries afterwards by the Anabaptists.
[4757] 1 Tim. v. 6.
[4758] See Cicero, Repub. Bk. III.
[4759] Sallust. In Cat. ch. 1.
[4760] Prov. xx. 1.
[4761] The most celebrated physician of antiquity. Born about b.c. 460, died about 357.
[4762] Born at Pergamum a.d. 130, died probably in the year 200. His writings are considered to have had a more extensive influence on medical science than even those of Hippocrates.
[4763] Fabricius was censor in b.c. 275, and devoted himself to repressing the prevalent taste for luxury. The story of his expelling from the Senate P. Cornelius Rufinus because he possessed ten pounds' weight of silver-plate is well-known.
[4764] Curius Dentatus, Consul b.c. 290 with P. Cornelius Rufinus to whom allusion has just been made, was no less distinguished for simplicity of life than was Fabricius. He was censor b.c. 272.
[4765] Ep. Lib. I. ep. 2.
[4766] Or, "an ante-room to the closet"--Meditatorium. Comp. Tertullian, Treatise on Fasting, ch. 6.
[4767] The Peripatetic philosopher, geographer, and historian, a disciple of Aristotle and the friend of Theophrastus.
[4768] Chæremon was chief librarian of the Alexandrian library. He afterwards became one of Nero's tutors.
[4769] Wars, Book II., ch. viii. 2 sq.; Antiquities, Bk. xviii. I. 2 sq. Josephus nowhere says that the Essenes abstained from flesh and wine, or fasted daily. Philo commends them for so doing. Jerome here, as above, borrows from Porphyry. The "Wars of the Jews or History of the Destruction of Jerusalem," are here called the "History of the Jewish Captivity."
[4770] Philo the Jew. His exact date cannot be given; but he was advanced in years when he went to Rome (a.d. 40) on his famous embassy in behalf of his countrymen.
[4771] Neanthes lived about b.c. 241. He was a voluminous writer, chiefly on historical subjects.
[4772] There were many physicians of this name.
[4773] The sun-god of the Persians.
[4774] Supposed to be the same as the Bardesanes born at Edessa in Mesopotamia, who flourished in the latter half of the second century. Jerome again refers to him in the book on Illustrious Men, c. 33.
[4775] Xenocrates was born b.c. 396, died b.c. 314.
[4776] Triptolemus was the legendary inventor of the plough and of agriculture.
[4777] Poems ascribed to the mythical Orpheus are quoted by Plato. The extant poems which bear his name are forgeries of Christian grammarians and philosophers of the Alexandrine school; but some fragments of the old Orphic poetry are said to be remaining.
[4778] Antisthenes was the founder of the Cynic philosophy. He was a devoted disciple of Socrates and flourished about b.c. 366.
[4779] The distinguished Peripatetic philosopher and historian. He lived, probably, about the time of Ptolemy Philopator (b.c. 222-205).
[4780] Gen. vi. 3, 5.
[4781] Gen. viii. 21; ix. 3.
[4782] Ex. xvi. 3.
[4783] Numb. xi. 4-6.
[4784] Deut. xxxii. 15. "Beloved" (dilectus). Correctly Jeshurun, that is, the Upright, a name of Israel.
[4785] Deut. viii. 12-14.
[4786] The curious custom of representing Moses with horns arose from a mistake in the Vulgate rendering. The Hebrew verb qvl, to emit rays, is derived from a word which, meaning mostly a horn, has in the dual the signification rays of light. See Hab. iii. 4.
[4787] Luke ix. 31.
[4788] Ex. xvii. 8.
[4789] Josh. x. 13.
[4790] 1 Sam. xiv. 24. Heb. "entered into the wood." The English version follows the Hebrew. The Sept. erhista (Jerome's prandebat) is perhaps only a repetition of the preceding thought. Another rendering inserts the negative, ouk erista.
[4791] 1 Sam. xiv. 24.
[4792] 1 Kings xix. 8-11.
[4793] 1 Sam. vii. 7.
[4794] 2 Kings xviii.
[4795] Gen. xviii. 23 sq.
[4796] 1 Kings xxi. 27-29.
[4797] 1 Sam. i. 15, 17.
[4798] Dan. i and ii.
[4799] Dan. ix. 23. Heb. A man of desires. A.V. greatly beloved.
[4800] The story is in the apocryphal part of the book of Daniel.
[4801] Ps. cii. 9.
[4802] Ps. cix. 24.
[4803] 2 Sam. xii. 13.
[4804] Lev. x. 9.
[4805] Amos ii. 12.
[4806] Jer. xxxv. 18.
[4807] S. Luke ii. 36.
[4808] S. Jerome is in accord with the Vulgate, Peshito, and certain manuscripts, but the R.V. omits S. Matt. xvii. 21 (Howbeit this kind goeth not out but by prayer and fasting) and in S. Mark ix. 29 omits the words respecting fasting. S. Luke does not refer to our Lord's supposed remark.
[4809] Acts x. 4.
[4810] 2 Cor. xi. 27.
[4811] 1 Tim. v. 23.
[4812] 1 Tim. iv. 3.
[4813] Prov. xvi. 26. Sept.
[4814] S. Matt. xi. 12.
[4815] Rom. xiv. 3.
[4816] Rom. xiv. 14 sq.
[4817] Rom. xiv. 2.
[4818] Rom. xiv. 5 sq.
[4819] S. Matt. v. 6.
[4820] S. John iv. 32.
[4821] S. Matt. v. 34. (Rather, not to be anxious about it.)
[4822] S. Luke xxiv. 42; S. John xxi. 13.
[4823] S. Luke xv. 19-31.
[4824] S. Matt. xvi. 17, 18.
[4825] See above.
[4826] S. Mark v. 43: S. Luke viii. 55. Our Lord is not related to have given the command in the case of the son of the widow of Nain, or in that of Lazarus.
[4827] S. John xii. 2.
[4828] Acts x. 10. In our version "the housetop."
[4829] S. John iv. 6.
[4830] Isa. lviii. 5 sq.
[4831] xvi. 29.
[4832] Numb. xi. 34. Tertullian also speaks of the graves remaining.
[4833] 1 Kings xiii. 24.
[4834] Joel i. 14; ii. 15. Jerome agrees with the Sept. Therapeia. The Heb. root signifies to close or bind; hence the meaning healing. But others translate Therapeia by worship, or service. The correct rendering appears to be a solemn assembly as in A.V.
[4835] S. Matt. xxv. 34.
[4836] S. Matt. xxv. 41.
[4837] S. John viii. 44.
[4838] S. Matt. xix. 29; S. Mark x. 29, 30; S. Luke xviii. 29, 30.
[4839] S. John vi. 56.
[4840] S. John xiv. 23.
[4841] S. John xiv. 2.
[4842] 1 Cor. iii. 16; vi. 19.
[4843] S. John xvii. 20-23.
[4844] In Cyprus, where Zeno the founder of the Stoic school was born.
[4845] i.e., Jovinianus. Jerome for the moment addresses the reader.
[4846] Persius I. 128, Conington's translation.
[4847] Ezek. xxxiv. 17, 20, 21.
[4848] Ezek. xxxiv. 31.
[4849] Rom. xii. 3 sq.
[4850] Rom. xiv. 5.
[4851] 1 Cor. iii. 6 sq.
[4852] 1 Cor. iii. 10 sq.
[4853] 1 Cor. iv. 1, 2.
[4854] 1 Cor. ix. 13 sq.
[4855] 1 Cor. xii. 4.
[4856] 1 Cor. xii. 12.
[4857] 1 Cor. xii. 28 sq.
[4858] 1 Cor. xiii. 8, 9, 10.
[4859] 1 Cor. xiii. 18; xiv. 1.
[4860] 1 Cor. xiv. 5.
[4861] 1 Cor. xiv. 18.
[4862] 1 Cor. xv. 9, 10.
[4863] 1 Cor. xv. 22.
[4864] 1 Cor. xv. 39.
[4865] Job ix. 9; xxxviii. 32.
[4866] 2 Cor. v. 10.