Chapter XXI.--The Law of the Sabbath-Day Explained. The Eight Days' Procession Around Jericho. The Gathering of Sticks a Violation.
Similarly on other points also, you reproach Him with fickleness and instability for contradictions in His commandments, such as that He forbade work to be done on Sabbath-days, and yet at the siege of Jericho ordered the ark to be carried round the walls during eight days; in other words, of course, actually on a Sabbath. You do not, however, consider the law of the Sabbath: they are human works, not divine, which it prohibits. [2959] For it says, "Six days shalt thou labour, and do all thy work; but the seventh day is the Sabbath of the Lord thy God: in it thou shalt not do any work." What work? Of course your own. The conclusion is, that from the Sabbath-day He removes those works which He had before enjoined for the six days, that is, your own works; in other words, human works of daily life. Now, the carrying around of the ark is evidently not an ordinary daily duty, nor yet a human one; but a rare and a sacred work, and, as being then ordered by the direct precept of God, a divine one. And I might fully explain what this signified, were it not a tedious process to open out the forms [2960] of all the Creator's proofs, which you would, moreover, probably refuse to allow. It is more to the point, if you be confuted on plain matters [2961] by the simplicity of truth rather than curious reasoning. Thus, in the present instance, there is a clear distinction respecting the Sabbath's prohibition of human labours, not divine ones. Accordingly, the man who went and gathered sticks on the Sabbath-day was punished with death. For it was his own work which he did; and this [2962] the law forbade. They, however, who on the Sabbath carried the ark round Jericho, did it with impunity. For it was not their own work, but God's, which they executed, and that too, from His express commandment.
[2959] Ex. xx. 9, 10.
[2960] Figuras.
[2961] De absolutis.
[2962] [He was not punished for gathering sticks, but for setting an example of contempt of the Divine Law.]
Chapter XXII.--The Brazen Serpent and the Golden Cherubim Were Not Violations of the Second Commandment. Their Meaning.
Likewise, when forbidding the similitude to be made of all things which are in heaven, and in earth, and in the waters, He declared also the reasons, as being prohibitory of all material exhibition [2963] of a latent [2964] idolatry. For He adds: "Thou shalt not bow down to them, nor serve them." The form, however, of the brazen serpent which the Lord afterwards commanded Moses to make, afforded no pretext [2965] for idolatry, but was meant for the cure of those who were plagued with the fiery serpents. [2966] I say nothing of what was figured by this cure. [2967] Thus, too, the golden Cherubim and Seraphim were purely an ornament in the figured fashion [2968] of the ark; adapted to ornamentation for reasons totally remote from all condition of idolatry, on account of which the making a likeness is prohibited; and they are evidently not at variance with [2969] this law of prohibition, because they are not found in that form [2970] of similitude, in reference to which the prohibition is given. We have spoken [2971] of the rational institution of the sacrifices, as calling off their homage from idols to God; and if He afterwards rejected this homage, saying, "To what purpose is the multitude of your sacrifices unto me?" [2972] --He meant nothing else than this to be understood, that He had never really required such homage for Himself. For He says, "I will not eat the flesh of bulls;" [2973] and in another passage: "The everlasting God shall neither hunger nor thirst." [2974] Although He had respect to the offerings of Abel, and smelled a sweet savour from the holocaust of Noah, yet what pleasure could He receive from the flesh of sheep, or the odour of burning victims? And yet the simple and God-fearing mind of those who offered what they were receiving from God, both in the way of food and of a sweet smell, was favourably accepted before God, in the sense of respectful homage [2975] to God, who did not so much want what was offered, as that which prompted the offering. Suppose now, that some dependant were to offer to a rich man or a king, who was in want of nothing, some very insignificant gift, will the amount and quality of the gift bring dishonour [2976] to the rich man and the king; or will the consideration [2977] of the homage give them pleasure? Were, however, the dependant, either of his own accord or even in compliance with a command, to present to him gifts suitably to his rank, and were he to observe the solemnities due to a king, only without faith and purity of heart, and without any readiness for other acts of obedience, will not that king or rich man consequently exclaim: "To what purpose is the multitude of your sacrifices unto me? I am full of your solemnities, your feast-days, and your Sabbaths." [2978] By calling them yours, as having been performed [2979] after the giver's own will, and not according to the religion of God (since he displayed them as his own, and not as God's), the Almighty in this passage, demonstrated how suitable to the conditions of the case, and how reasonable, was His rejection of those very offerings which He had commanded to be made to Him.
[2963] Substantiam.
[2964] Cæcæ.
[2965] Titulum. [See Vol. II. p. 477, this series.]
[2966] Num. xxi. 8, 9.
[2967] See John iii. 14.
[2968] Exemplum.
[2969] Refragari.
[2970] Statu.
[2971] In chap. xviii. towards the end. [p. 311, supra.]
[2972] Isa. i. 11.
[2973] Ps. l. 13.
[2974] An inexact quotation of Isa. xl .28.
[2975] Honorem.
[2976] Infuscabit.
[2977] Titulus.
[2978] See Isa. i. 11-14.
[2979] Fecerat seems the better reading: q.d. "which he had performed," etc. Oehler reads fecerant.