§ 3. JULIAN THE APOSTATE. 39
Caiiaanites under Joshua/ But intelligent church teacher^ like Athanasius, Hosius, and Hilary, gave their voice for toler ation, though even they mean particularly toleration for ortho* doxy, for the sake of which they themselves had been deposed and banished by the Arian power. Athanasius says, for example : " Satan, because there is no truth in him, breaks in with axe and sword. But the Saviour is gentle, and forces no one, to whom he comes, but knocks and speaks to the sovd : Open to me, my sister ? "^ If we open to him, he enters ; but if we will not, he departs. For the truth is not preached by sword and dungeon, by the might of an army, but by persuasion and exhortation. How can there be persuasion where fear of the emperor is uppermost ? How exhortation, where the contradicter has to expect banishment and death ? " With equal truth Hilary confronts the emperor with the wrong of his course, in the words: ""With the gold of the state thoii burdenest the sanctuary of God, and what is torn from the temples, or gained by confiscation, or extorted by punishment, tliou obtrudest upon God."
By the laws of history the forced Christianity of Constantius must provoke a reaction of heathenism. And such reaction in fact ensued, though only for a brief period immediately after this emperor's death.
§ 4. Julian tJii Apostate^ and the Beaction of Paganism, A.D. 361-363.
SOURCES.
These agree in all the principal facts, even to unimportant details, bat differ entirely in spirit and in judgment ; Julian himself exhibiting the vanity of self-praise, Libanins and Zosimus the extreme of passionate admiration, Gregory and Cyril the opposite extreme of hatred and abhorrence, Ammianus Marcellinus a mixture of praise and censure.
* So Julius Firmicus Matemus, author of a tract Pe errore profanarum religiontiii% 9nitten about 348 and dedicated to the emperors Constantius and Confltana. ' Song of Sol. V. 2.
4-0 THIED TEBIOD. A.D. 311-590.
1 Heathen souses: Juliani imperatoris Opera, quae supcrsunt omni% ed. by Petathis, Par. 1583 ; and more completely by Ezech. Spanhemius, Lips. 1696, 2 vols. fol. in one (Spanheim gives the Greek original with a good Latin version, and the Ten Books of Oyril of Alex, against Julian). We have from Julian : Misopogon (MtcroTrc.V/a,!', the Beard-hater, a defence of himself against the accusations of the Antiochians) ; Caesares (two satires on his predecessors) ; eight Orationes ; sixty-five Epistolae (the latter separately and most completely edited, with shorter fragments, by Heyler, Mog. 1828) ; and Fragments of his three or seven Books Kara Xpioruivav in the Reply of Oyril. Libanifs : 'EmTcifpios in 'lovXiava, in Lib. 0pp. ed. Reiske, Altenb. 1791-97. 4 vols. Mamertinus: Gratiarum actio Juliano. The relevant passages in the heathen historians Ammianus Maeoeu- Liinjs (1. c. lib. xxi.-xxv. 3), Zosimus and Eunapius.
2. Christian sources (all in Greek) : the early church historians, Socrates (1. iii.), SozoMEN (L V. and vi.), TnEODORET (1. iii,). Gregory Naz. : Orationes invectivae in Jul. duae, written some six months after the death of Julian (0pp. torn. i.). Oyril of Alex. : Contra impium Jul. libri X. (in the 0pp. Oyr., ed. J. Auiert, Par. 1638, torn, vi., and ia • SpanheiiTi's ed. of the works of Julian).
LITERATURE.
TiLLEMONT : Memoires, etc., vol. vii. p. 322-423 (Venice ed.), and Histoire des empereurs Kora. Par. 1690 sqq., vol. iv. 483-576. Abb6 De la Bleterie : Vie de I'empereur Julien. Amst. 1735. 2 vols. The same in English, Lend. 174G. "W. Warburton : Julian. Lond. 3d ed. 1763. Nath. Lardner: Works, ed. Dr. Kippis, vol. vii. p. 581 sqq. GiBBOx: L c. ch. xxii.-xxiv., particularly xxiii. ISTeander : Julian u. sein Zeitalter. Leipz. 1812 (his first historical production), and Allg. K. G., iii. (2d ed. 1846), p. 76-148. English ed. Torrey, ii. 37-67. JoNDOT (R. 0.) : Histoire de I'empereur Julien. 1817, 2 vols. C. H. van Herwerden: De Juliano iraper. religionis christ. hosie, eodomque vindice. Lugd. Bat. 1827. G. F. Wiggers: Jul. der Abtriinnige. Leipz. 1837 (in Illgen's Zeitschr. f. hist. Theol.). H. Schulze : De philos. et inoribus Jul. Strals. 1839. D. Fr. Strauss (author of tlie mythological " Leben Jesu ") : Der Romantiker auf dem Thron der Ciisarcn, oder Julian der Abtr. Manh. 1847 (containing a clear survey of the various opicions concerning Julian fi-om Lihanius and Gregory to Gibbon. Schlosser, Neander, and Ullmann, but hiding a political aim against King Frederick William IV. of Prussia). J. E. Aukr (R. 0.) : Kaiser Jul. der Abtr. im Kampf mit den Kirchenvatern seiner Zeit, Wien, 1855. W. Mangold: Jul. der Abtr. Stuttg. 1862. 0. Semtsch- Jul. der Abtr. Bresl. 1862. F. Lijbkek : Julians Kampf u. Ende HaniT). ]8r,4. G SfR\T^i?s: : l^is Leben dt"' libanius. Berlin, 1858.