GENEKAL LITEKATCKE OF THE ARIAN C0NTR0VEKSIE8. Gil
di Ario. Ven. 1746. S. J. Maimbtjrg: Histoire de TArianisme Par. 1675. Jonx Pearson (bisliop of Chester, tl686): An Exposition of the Creed (in the second article), 1689, 12th ed. Lond. 1741, and very often edited since by Dobson, Burton, Nichols, Chevalier, etc. Geoegk Bdll (Anglican bishop of St. David's, 1 1710) : Defensio fidei NicasniB. Ox. 1685 (0pp. Lat. fol. ed. Grabe, Lond. 1703. Complete Works, ed. Burton, Oxf. 1827, and again in 1846, vol. 5th in two parts, and in English in the Anglo-Catholic Library, 1851). This classical work endeavors, with great learning, to exhibit the Nicene faith in all tlie ante-'Nicene fathers, and so belongs more properly to the previous period. Dan. "Waterland (archdeacon of Middlesex, 1 1730, next to Bull the ablest Anglican defender of the Nicene faith): Vindication of Christ's Divinity, 1719 ff., in Waterland's Works, ed, Mildert, vols. i. ii. iii. Oxf. 1843. (Several acute and learned tssaya and sermons in defence of the orthodox doctrine of the Trinity against the high Arianism of Dr. Sam. Clarke and Dr. Whitby.) Che. W. F. Walch: Vollstiindige Historic der Ketzereien, etc. 11 vols. Leipzig, 1762 ff. Vols. ii. and iii. (exceedingly thorough and exceedingly dryj. Gibbon : History of the Decline and Fall of the Koman Empire, ch. xxi. A. MoHLEB (R. Ci) : Athanasius der Grosse u. die Kirche seiner Zeit. Mainz (1827) ; 2d ed. 1844 (Bk ii.-vi.). J. H. Newman (at the time the learned head of Puseyism, afterwards E. C.) : The Arians of the Fourth Century. Lond. 1838; 2d ed. (uncliauged), 1854. F, Chk. Batje: Die christl. Lehre von der Dreieinigkeit u. Menschwerdung in ihrer geschichtl. Entwicklung. 3 vols. Tubingen, 1841-'43. Vol. i. pp. 300-825 (to the council of Chalcedon). Comp. also Baur's Kirchengesch. vom 4ten bis 6ten Jahrh. Tiib. 1859, pp. 79-123. Js. A. Dorner: Entwicklungsgesch. der Lehre von der Person Ohristi. 1836, 2d ed. in 2 vols. Stuttg. 1845-'o3. Vol. i. pp. 773-1080 (English transl. by W. L. Alexander and I). W. Simon, in Clark's Foreign Theol. Library, Edinb. 1861). R. Wilbebforoe (at the time archdeacon of East Riding, afterwards R. C.) : The Doctrine of the Incarnation of our Lord Jesus Christ. 4th ed. Lond. 1852. Bishop Kate: Athanasius and the council of Nictea. Lond. 1853. 0. Jos. Hefelh (R. C): Conciliengeschichte. Freib. 1855 ff. VoL i. p. 219 ff. Albert Prince de Broglie (R. C): L'eglise et I'empire romain, au IV. siecle. Paris, 1856-'66, 6 vols. Vol. i. p. 331 sqq. ; vol. ii. 1 sqq. W.W.Harvey: History and Theology of the Three Creeds. Lond. 1856, 2 vols. IT. VoiGT : Die Lehre des Athanasius von Alexandrien. Bremen, 1861. A. P. Stanley : Lectures on the History of the Eastern Church. 2d ed. 1862. H. M. Gwatkin, Studies in Arianism, Camb., 1882. Comp. also the relevant sections in the general Church Histories of Fleury, Schkockh (vols. v. and vi.). Neandek, Gieselee, and in the Doctrine Histories of Munscher, Colln, Baum- GARTEN-CRUsros, Hagenbach, Baur, Beck, Shedd, [Harnack].
618 THIKD TERIOD. A.D. 311-590.
§ 110. The Avian Controversy down to tlie Council of NiccM-^
318-325.
The Ariau controversy ]-olates primarily to tlie deity of Christ, but in its course it touches also the deity of the Holy Ghost, and embraces therefore the whole mystery of the Holy Trinity and the incarnation of God, which is the very centre of the Christian revelation. The dogma of the Trinity came up not by itself in abstract form, but in inseparable connection with the doctrine of the deity of Christ and the Holy Ghost. If this latter doctrine is true, the Trinity follows by logical necessity, the biblical monotheism being presumed ; in other words : If God is one, and if Christ and the Holy Ghost are distinct from the Father and yet participate in the divine substance, God must be triune. Though there are in the Holy Scriptures themselves few texts which directly prove the Trinity, and the name Trinity is wholly wanting in them, thia doctrine is taught with all the greater force in a living form from Genesis to Revelation by tlie main facts of the revelation of God as Creator, Redeemer, and Sanctifier, besides being indirectly Involved in the deity of Christ and the Holy Ghost.
The church always believed in this Trinity of revelation, and confessed its faith by baptism into the name of the Father, and of the Son, and of the Holy Ghost. This carried with it from the hrst the conviction, that this revelation of God must be gromided in a distinction immanent in the divine essence. But to l)ring this faith into clear and fixed knowledge, and to form the baptismal confession into doctrine, was the hard and earnest intellectual work of three centuries. In the Nicene age minds crashed against each other, and fought the decisive battles for and against the doctrines of the true deity of Christ, with which the divinity of Christianity stands or falls.
The controvei*sies on this fundamental question agitated the Roman empire and the church of East and West for more than half a century, and gave occasion to the first two ecumenical councils of Nicrea and Constantinople. At last the orthodox doctrine triumphed, and in 381 was brought into the form