§ 141. THE ECUMENICAL COUNCIL OF CHALCEDON 713
consubstantial also with us ns to his manhood ; ' like unto us in all things, yet without sin ; * as to his Godhead begotten of the Father before all ■worlds, but as to his naanhood, in these last days born, for us men and for our salvation, of the Virgin Mary, the mother of God ; ' one and the same Christ, Sou, Lord, Only-begotten, known in {of) two natures,* withau
' 'Omooi'o-ios is used in both clauses, though with a shade of diifercnce : Christ's homoousia with the Father implies numerical unity or identity of substance (God being one in essence, monoousios) ; Christ's homoousia with men means only generic anity or equality of nature. Compare the remarks in § 130, p. 672 f.
"Eva Kal ahr)v vihv Thy Kvpiof T]fxwv 'L Xfiiarhi/ rhv avrhv iv d(6Tnri koX ri" Xeiov rhf alnhv ev av&pww6TriTtj &ehv aArj^iis kuI iv^puinov a\rt^u>s rhv ainhvy e'/f >^ivxvs Ao7u<-j)s [against ApoUinaris] koX a-w/xaTo^, 6fjLoovaiov t^ narpl /carck tV ^eJrijTa, Kal bjxoovcnov rhv avrhv r)jxiv Kara. Tr]v ai/^panr6TT)Ta, Kara, Tzavra Suoiov fitnv X'»pls aixaprias.
^ Tfjs SeoT^Koi/, against Nestorius. This, however, is immediately after modified by the phrase Kara tV cLi/S>p'j>}n6TT]Ta (in distinction from Kara tV ^iSTrira). Mary was the mother not merely of the human nature of Jesus, but of the theanthropic person Jesus Christ ; not, however, according to his eternal Godhead, but according to his humanity. In lilie manner, the subject of the passion was the theanthropic person, yet not according to his divine impassible nature, but according to his human nature.
* 'E;' Svo (pvaeatv, and the Latin translation, in duabus naturis, is directed against Eutyches. The present Greek text reads, it is true, e k Sio (pvaeuv, which, however, signifies, and according to the connection, can only signify, essentially the same thing, bat is also capable of being understood in an Eutychian and Monophysite sense, namely, that Christ has arisen from the confluence of two natures, and since the incarnation has only one nature. Understood in this sense, Dioscurus at the council was very willing to accept the formula eV Svo (pvaioiv. But for this very reason the Orientals, and also the Roman legates, protested with one voice against 4/( , and insisted upon another formula with fv, which was adopted. Baur (L c. i. p. 820 f ) and Dorner (ii. p. 129) assert that 6/c is the accurate and oiiginal expression, and is a concession to Monophysitism, that it also agrees better (?) with the verb yvwpiCo/j.eu (to recognize by certain tokens) but that it was from the very beginning changed by the Occidentals into gV. But we prefer the view of Gieseler, Neander (iv. 988), Hefele (ii. 451 f.), and Beck (Dogmengeschichte, p. 251), that eV ivo (pvff^aiv was the original reading of the symbol, and that it was afterwards altered in the interest of Monophysitism. This is proved by the whole course of the proceedings at the fifth session of the council of Chalcedon, where the expression 4k S{io (pvaeojy was protested against, and in proved by the testimony of the abbot Euthymius, a cotemporary, and by that of Severus, Evagrius, and Leontius of Byzantium. Severus, the Monophysite patriarch of Antioch since 513, charges the fathers of Chalcedon with the inexcusable crime of having taught: iu Svo (pvaeaiv CSiaipiTots yvaipiCea^ai rhv &(6v (see Mansi, vii. 839). Evagrius (H. E. ii. 5) maintains that both formulas amount to essentially the same thing, and reciprocallj condition each other. Dorner also affirms the same. His words are: "The Latin formal?, has ' to acknowledge Christ as Son in two natures,' the Greek has * fi reo
7i6 THIRD TEKIOD. A.D. 311-590.
confusion^ loithout conversion, without severaiice, and without division ;' th< distinction of the natures being in no wise abolished by their union, but the peculiarity of each nature being maintained, and both concurring in one person and hypostasis." We confess not a Son divi<ied and sundei-ed into two persons, but one and tlie same Son, anJ Only-begotten, and God- Logos, our Lord Jesus Christ, even as the prophets had before proclaimed concerning hira, and he himself hath taught us, and the symbol of th# fathers hath handed down to us.
" Since now we have drawn up this decision with the most comprehensive exactness and circumspection, the holy and ecumenical synod ^ hath ordained, that no one shall presume to pi'opose, orally, or in writing, another faith, or to entertain or teach it to others ; and that those who shall dare to give another symbol or to teach another faith to converts from lieathenism or Judaism, or any heresy, shall, if they be bishops or clergymen, be deposed from their bishopric and spiritual function, or if they be monks or laymen, shall be excommunicated."
After the public reading of this confession, all the bishops exclaimed: "This is the faith of the fathers; this is the faith of the apostles ; to this we all agree ; thus we all think."
The syjnbol was solemnly ratified at the sixth session (Oct. 25th), in the presence of the emperor and the empress. The emperor thanked Christ for the restoration of the unity of faith, and threatened all with hea\'y punishment, who should thereafter stir up new controversies ; whereupon the synod exclaimed : " Thou art both priest and king, victor in war, and teacher of the faith."
At its subsequent sessions the synod was occupied with the appeal of Ibas, bishop of Edessa, who had been deposed by theHobber Synod, and was nosv restored ; with other cases of discipline; with some jiersonal matters; and with the enactment of twenty-eight canons, which do not concern us here.*
ognize Christ as Son from two natures,' which is plainly the same thought. The Latin formula is only a free, but essentinlly faithful translation, only that its coloring exprcssea somewhat more definitely still Christ's subsisting in two natures, and is therefore nore Uterally conformable to the lion: in type of doctrine" (1. c. iL p. 129
f.).
' 'Acruyx^''''*'^! ctTpeTrToj [against Eutycbes], aStatpeTcu;, ixupiffTus [againjt Nea torius] yvwpi^dfxfvoj'.
* EU (V npSffwirnf Ka\ /xiav vir6(Jra(Tiv.
* 'H 07(0 Ka\ olKovfxfviK^ nvvooos.
* Respecting the famous 28th cauon of the council, which gives the bishop ai