§ 144. THE THREE CHAPTEK8. 771
sanctioned l)y the church. But no further mention appears to have been made of Origenisni ; and in truth none was necessary, since a local synod of 544 had already condemned it. Perhaps also Theodore Askidas, a friend of the Origenists, and one of the leaders of the council, prevented tlie ecumenical condemnation of Origen. But this is a disputed point, and is connected with the difficult question of the genuineness and completeness of the Acts of the council.'
Vigilius at first protested against the Council, which, In spite of repeated invitations, he had not attended, and by which he was suspended ; but he afterwards signified his adherence, and was permitted, after seven years' absence, to return to Rome, but died on the journey, at Syracuse, in 555. His fom-fold change of opinion does poor service to the claim of papal infallibility. His successor, Pelagius I., immediately acknowledged the council. But upon this the churches in Northern Italy, Africa, and Illyria separated themselves from the Roman see, and remained in schism till Pope Gregory I induced most of the Italian bishops to acknowledge the council.
The result of this controversy, therefore, was the condemnation of the Antiochian theology, and the partial victory of the Alexandrian monophysite doctrine, so far as it could be reconciled with the definitions of Clialcedon. But the Chaleedonian dyophysitism afterwards reacted, in the form of dyothelitism, and at the sixth ecumenical council, at Constantinople, A. D. 680 (called also Concilium Trullanum I.), under the influence of a letter of pope Agatho, which reminds us of
'l-rjcrovv XptaThy ehai ©ebf a.\r}Sitvhi/ Kal Kvpiov tjjs So|i7J, koI eva ttjs aylas rpidSos, 6 roiouTos afd^ifia earco. "Whoever does not acknowledge that our Lord Jesua Christ, who was crucified in the flesh, is true God and Lord of glory, and one of the Holy Trinity, let him be anathema."
' In the 11th anathema, it is true, the name of Origen is condemned along wi(h other heretics (Arius, Eunomius, Macedonius, ApoUinaris, Nestorius, Eulych&s), but the connection is incongruous, and the name is regarded by Halloix, Garnier, Jacob Basnage, Walch, and others, as an mterpolation. Noris and Hefele (ii. p. 874) maintain its genuineness. At all events the fifteen anathemas against Origen do not belong to it, but to an earlier Constantinopolitan synod, held in 514. Comp, Fefele^ u. p. 768 ff.
772 THIED PEKIOD. A.D. 311-590.
the Epistola Dogitiatica of Leo, it gained the victory over tht Monotlielite view, which so far involves the Mouophysite, as the ethical conception of one will depends upon the physical conception of one nature.
But notwithstanding the concessions of the fifth ecumenical conncil, the Monophysitcs remained separated from the orthodox church, refusing to acknowledge in any manner the dyophysite council of Chalcedon. Another eflbrt of Justinian to gain them, by sanctioning the Aphtliartodocetic doctrine of the incorruptibleness of Christ's body (56i), threatened to involve the church in fresh troubles ; but his death soon afterwards, in 565, put an end to these fruitless and despotic plans of union. His successor Justin II. in 565 issued an edict of toleration, which exhorted all Christians to glorify the Lord, without contending about persons and syllables. Since that time the history of the Mon op hy sites has been distinct from that of the catholic church.
§ 145. The MonopTvysite Sects : Jacobites^ Copts, Abyssinians, Armenia/ns, Maronites.
EusEB. EENArDOT (E. 0., 1 1720) : Historia patriarcharum Alexandrinorum Jacobitarum a D. Marco usque ad finem sa3c. xiii. Pur. 1713. Also by the same: Liturgiarum orientalium collectio. Par. 1716, 2 vols. 4to. Jos. Sim, AssEMANi (R. C, 1 1768) : Bibliotheca orientalis. Eoni. 1719 sqq., 4 vols, folio (vol. ii. treats Do scriptoribus Syris Monophysitis). Michael le Quien (R. C*, 1 1733) : Oriens Christianus. Par. 1740, 3 vols, folio (vols. 2 and 3). Vetssii;re de la Croze: Histoire du Ohristianisme d'Ethiope et d'Armenie. La Have, 1739. Gibbon: Chapter xlvii. towards the end. MakrIzi (Mohammedan, an historian and jurist at Cairo, died 1441) : Historia Coptorum Christianorum (Arabic and Latin), ed. H. J. Wetzer, Sulzbach, 1828; a better edition by F. Wmtevfdd, with translation and annotations, GOttingen, 1845. J. E T. WiLTSon: Kirchliche Statistik. Berlin, 1846, Bd. i. p. 225 ff. John Mason Neale (Anglican): The Patriarchate of Alexandria. London, 1847, 2 vols. Also: A History of the Holy Eastern Church. Lond. 1850, 2 vols. (vol. ii. contains among other things the Armenian and Copto-Jacobite Liturgy). E. Dulauriek : Histoire, dognies, traditions, et liuirgie de I'Eglise .\rineniatie. Par. 1859. Arthur Pe\- EHYN Stanley : Lectures on the History of the Eastern Church. New